Two incidents of venomous snakebite on juvenile blue and Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni and C. m. albogularis)

Foerster, Steffen

doi:10.1007/s10329-008-0098-x

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Gaboon vipers are found on the ground, where they hide motionless and extraordinarily well camouflaged within the leaf litter (Range & Fischer, 2004;Penner et al, 2008;KO, personal observation, N = 7). Although Gaboon vipers have been documented to prey on juvenile guenons (Foerster, 2008), to our knowledge no attempt to eat an adult has been observed in the Taï forest. Campbell's monkeys are among the smallest guenons in Taï forest (Oates et al, 1990) and could, therefore, be potential prey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Anti-predator strategies of free-ranging Campbell's monkeys

Ouattara¹,

Lemasson²,

Zuberbühler³

2009

Behav

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SummaryHabitat type, predation pressure and reproductive interests are all thought to determine the anti-predator behaviour of non-primates, but only few systematic studies exist. Here, we experimentally elicited anti-predator behaviour in six different groups of forest-living Campbell's monkeys, using visual and acoustic models of leopards, crowned eagles, and snakes. Individuals produced a variety of anti-predator behaviours, depending on the type of predator and whether or not it was visible. Adult males generally behaved conspicuously, either by attacking eagles or producing threat behaviours at a distance to leopards. Adult females remained cryptic to eagles, but joined their male in approaching leopards. To snakes, both males and females responded strongly to familiar Gaboon vipers, but far less to unfamiliar black mambas. Finally, if a predator could only be heard, both males and females produced fewer alarm calls and often changed their vertical position in the canopy (upwards for leopards; downwards for eagles), despite all predator vocalisations being presented from the ground. We concluded that Campbell's monkeys display sex-specific anti-predator behaviours, which are largely driven by the predators' hunting techniques, mode of predator detection and the forest habitat structure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…5 kg) and a Gaboon viper (approx. 2 kg), which represented three main predators of these monkeys (Zuberbühler, 2001;Foerster, 2008). We also tested a black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis, approx.…”

Section: Field Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-predator strategies of free-ranging Campbell's monkeys

Ouattara¹,

Lemasson²,

Zuberbühler³

2009

Behav

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“…(i) Snakes have killed 2 species of tree shrews (17,19); at least 6 species of strepsirrhines, including 3 species of lemurs (20)(21)(22), 2 species of galagos (23)(24)(25), and a slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) (26); and 20 species of nonhuman haplorhines, including a spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) (27), 8 species of New World monkeys (13,(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), 10 species of Old World monkeys (17,(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45), and a siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) (46). Primates have been ambushed as they descended from trees [e.g., boa constrictor (Boa constrictor) on a white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus)] (28), as they passed over water on vegetation [e.g., green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) on a black-chested mustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax)] (29), and from trailside or overhead in trees (reticulated pythons on humans); juveniles have been snatched from their mothers [Madagascan ground boa (Acrantophis madagascariensis) on Verraux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)] (21) or eaten with them (reticulated python on longtailed macaque) (44) as well as taken by foraging into shelters (reticulated pythons on humans).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Primates have been ambushed as they descended from trees [e.g., boa constrictor (Boa constrictor) on a white-faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus)] (28), as they passed over water on vegetation [e.g., green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) on a black-chested mustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax)] (29), and from trailside or overhead in trees (reticulated pythons on humans); juveniles have been snatched from their mothers [Madagascan ground boa (Acrantophis madagascariensis) on Verraux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)] (21) or eaten with them (reticulated python on longtailed macaque) (44) as well as taken by foraging into shelters (reticulated pythons on humans). Although venomous snakes sometimes kill primates in defense (43), mangrove snakes (Boiga dendrophila) (19), black-necked spitting cobras (Naja nigricollis) (25), mambas (Dendroaspis) (24,45), white-tailed lanceheads (Bothrops leucurus) (34), and Gaboon adders (Bitis gabonica) (45) occasionally consume tree shrews, strepsirrhines, and haplorhines.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hunter–gatherers and other primates as prey, predators, and competitors of snakes

Headland

Greene

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Relationships between primates and snakes are of widespread interest from anthropological, psychological, and evolutionary perspectives, but surprisingly, little is known about the dangers that serpents have posed to people with prehistoric lifestyles and nonhuman primates. Here, we report ethnographic observations of 120 Philippine Agta Negritos when they were still preliterate hunter–gatherers, among whom 26% of adult males had survived predation attempts by reticulated pythons. Six fatal attacks occurred between 1934 and 1973. Agta ate pythons as well as deer, wild pigs, and monkeys, which are also eaten by pythons, and therefore, the two species were reciprocally prey, predators, and potential competitors. Natural history data document snake predation on tree shrews and 26 species of nonhuman primates as well as many species of primates approaching, mobbing, killing, and sometimes eating snakes. These findings, interpreted within the context of snake and primate phylogenies, corroborate the hypothesis that complex ecological interactions have long characterized our shared evolutionary history.

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“…This is compounded by the fact that many big cats, a principal threat to primates, hunt at night. However, there are several reports of predation or indirect evidence of predation, especially in the more recent literature (Bianchi and Mendes 2007;Foerster 2008;Matsuda et al 2008;Morino 2010). One of these involves a siamang gibbon (Symphalangus syndactylus) in Indonesia being predated on by the semiarboreal clouded leopard, one of the gibbons' most formidable potential predators (Morino 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anti-predator behaviour of wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)

Clarke

Reichard²,

Zuberbühler

2011

Behav Ecol Sociobiol

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Predation on gibbons is rarely observed in the wild. However, the gibbons' moderate body size and relatively small social groups suggest high vulnerability to predation. To assess the role of predation and to study their anti-predator behaviour, we presented visual predator models to nine groups of wild white-handed gibbons at Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. We measured subjects' immediate and delayed responses to four potential predators: tiger, clouded leopard, crested serpent eagle and reticulated python. Subjects reliably approached all four predators. In response to tigers and leopards, they additionally produced predator-specific songs and defecated copiously. In terms of delayed responses, distance between mated adults decreased, but only after exposure to the tiger model. In response to eagles and pythons, gibbons consistently vocalised, but this did not always include predator singing, and we found no long-term effects in overall activity or strata use. However, during 6 of 26 predator encounters, the gibbons produced songs with a structure that was intermediate between a duet song and a predator song more than 20 min after the predator encounter, indicating a long-term effect on their vocal behaviour. This study demonstrates that gibbons discriminate between different potential predators and respond to them with adaptive anti-predator behaviour, which include predator-specific vocal responses. We conclude that gibbons are not immune to predation and that terrestrial predators elicit consistent immediate and delayed anti-predation responses.

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Two incidents of venomous snakebite on juvenile blue and Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni and C. m. albogularis)

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Anti-predator strategies of free-ranging Campbell's monkeys

Anti-predator strategies of free-ranging Campbell's monkeys

Hunter–gatherers and other primates as prey, predators, and competitors of snakes

The anti-predator behaviour of wild white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar)

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