Two Large 18 KW (Equivalent Power at 4.5 K) Helium Refrigerators for Cern’s LHC Project, Supplied by Air Liquide

Dauguet, P.; Gistau-Baguer, G. M.; Briend, P.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_41

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Namely, the ratio of liquefaction mass flow rate (mL), to the high-pressure inlet mass flow rate at high-pressure inlet of cold box, (m). The analytical yield of the liquefier without internal purifier and systems A and B are shown in Figure 3 and the following observation may be made: (1) The application of internal purifier in liquefication has led to a reduction in its liquid yield. The yield of system A decreases by about 0.5%, while that of system B only decreases by 0.2%.…”

Section: Liquid Yieldmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As installations such as Particle accelerators, Colliders, Tokamaks etc widely came into being [1], the requirements for large-scale helium liquefaction plants also have increased. To ensure proper operation of the liquefier and to protect experiments from frozen trace gases that might block the capillaries, the purification process has to be adapted to these new requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exergy analysis and improvement of helium internal purifier

Du,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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Exergy analysis was applied to the evaluation of helium internal purifier in this paper. The important operating parameters has been given to determine the exergy destructions in components as well as in the entire cycle of internal purifier. The analysis results show that the recovery of liquefied air energy can improve the performance of purifier and the exergy destruction of different heat exchanger is different. Results from the analysis helped evolving guidelines for designing appropriate technological process for practical helium internal purifier. An internal purifier with an optimized structure was designed to remove air impurities up to 10 mol%, beyond previous maximum impurity content. The impact on liquefaction capacity is minimized because of the small consumption of cold flow. The achievable performance was also provided in this paper. The purifier could remove air impurities up to 8 mol%.

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Section: Liquid Yieldmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exergy analysis and improvement of helium internal purifier

Du,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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“…The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) makes intensive use of superconducting magnets operated below 2.0 K. It thus requires high-capacity auxiliary refrigeration systemsthe so-called "Cold Compressor System (CCS)" -for operations below 2.0 K. These systems, making use of cryogenic centrifugal-compressors in a series arrangement with room-temperature screw compressors, are each coupled to one of the refrigerator [2] providing 18-kW equivalent at 4.5 K. They are able to absorb a cryogenic power of 2.4 kW at 1.8 K in nominal conditions.…”

Section: Lhc 24 Kw@ 18k Unitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

European industries potential capabilities on cryogenics for the future ILC

Dauguet

2007

2007 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference (PAC)

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Following the construction of LHC, the European industries have demonstrated there ability to construct complete helium and nitrogen refrigeration systems both for the needs of the huge accelerator and the associated detectors. Eight 18 kW at 4.5 K and 2.4 kW at 1.8 K helium refrigeration systems have been constructed. Each refrigeration system is connected to 3.3 km of the 27 km long accelerator thanks to interconnecting valve boxes and high performances helium transfer lines. This is the biggest refrigeration system ever constructed in the world.The demand for cryogenics for the future ILC project is comparable in terms of equipment sizes but even bigger in terms of number of units required. The present refrigeration system scenario of ILC includes ten 21 kW at 4.5 K refrigerators and twelve 3.7 kW at 2 K refrigerators. In the present paper, this scenario will be presented and compared to the realizations done by the European Cryogenic Industries for CERN.

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“…On the basis of the offers received, contracts were adjudicated to Air Liquide (France) and Linde Kryotechnik (Switzerland) for the supply of two refrigerators each. Although based on different variants of the Claude cycle, both types of machines are designed to reach similar efficiencies, around 30% with respect to the Carnot cycle [31,32]. The first of these four refrigerators is due to be commissioned in late 2000.…”

Section: Superfluid-helium Magnet Cooling Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenics for the Large Hadron Collider

Lebrun

2000

IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.

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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 26.7 km circumference superconducting accelerator equipped with high-field magnets operating in superfluid helium below 1.9 K, has now fully entered construction at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. The heart of the LHC cryogenic system is the quasi-isothermal magnet cooling scheme, in which flowing two-phase saturated superfluid helium removes the heat load from the 36'000 ton cold mass, immersed in some 400 m3 static pressurised superfluid helium. The LHC also makes use of supercritical helium for non-isothermal cooling of the beam screens which intercept most of the dynamic heat loads at higher temperature. Although not used in normal operation, liquid nitrogen will provide the source of refrigeration for precooling the machine. Refrigeration for the LHC is produced in eight large refrigerators, each with an equivalent capacity of about 18 kW at 4.5 K, completed by 1.8 K refrigeration units making use of several stages of hydrodynamic cold compressors. The cryogenic fluids are distributed to the cryomagnet strings by a compound cryogenic distribution line circling the tunnel. Procurement contracts for the major components of the LHC cryogenic system have been adjudicated to industry, and their progress will be briefly reported. Besides construction proper, the study and development of cryogenics for the LHC has resulted in salient advances in several fields of cryogenic engineering, which we shall also review. 1 Abstract--The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), a 26.7 km circumference superconducting accelerator equipped with highfield magnets operating in superfluid helium below 1.9 K, has now fully entered construction at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. The heart of the LHC cryogenic system is the quasi-isothermal magnet cooling scheme, in which flowing twophase saturated superfluid helium removes the heat load from the 36'000 ton cold mass, immersed in some 400 m 3 static pressurised superfluid helium. The LHC also makes use of supercritical helium for non-isothermal cooling of the beam screens which intercept most of the dynamic heat loads at higher temperature. Although not used in normal operation, liquid nitrogen will provide the source of refrigeration for precooling the machine. Refrigeration for the LHC is produced in eight large refrigerators, each with an equivalent capacity of about 18 kW at 4.5 K, completed by 1.8 K refrigeration units making use of several stages of hydrodynamic cold compressors. The cryogenic fluids are distributed to the cryomagnet strings by a compound cryogenic distribution line circling the tunnel. Procurement contracts for the major components of the LHC cryogenic system have been adjudicated to industry, and their progress will be briefly reported. Besides construction proper, the study and development of cryogenics for the LHC has resulted in salient advances in several fields of cryogenic engineering, which we shall also review.

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Two Large 18 KW (Equivalent Power at 4.5 K) Helium Refrigerators for Cern’s LHC Project, Supplied by Air Liquide

Cited by 6 publications

References 3 publications

Exergy analysis and improvement of helium internal purifier

Exergy analysis and improvement of helium internal purifier

European industries potential capabilities on cryogenics for the future ILC

Cryogenics for the Large Hadron Collider

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