ŎƬ˘˹ŘǚŘ ʊǔDŽ ȭŘ ǘɁʁ˘˿ʊǜŘȭǔƬ ˘ Řʁǜ˿ǘˁȦˁ ȭŘ ˹ŘʁˁȭǘŘƋǒ ǚǔƋƬȭƋǖǔ ,ʁƬŘǜǔ˸Ƭ ,ɁȧȧɁȭʊ ʢȭŘȭǔƬ ŘˁǜɁʁʊǜ˹Ř ʯƖ1
. IntroductionThe concept of an artificial exoskeleton is inspired by biology. Many living creatures possess external skeletons covering their soft bodies, the classic example are insects. Animal exoskeletons are not only introducing the rigidity of the body but make the safe covering of soft organs, moreover through reconfiguration of the rigid segments, the reshaping of the body, that supports the locomotion, is obtained. Interesting example are the worms covered by segmented shell which can take a ball like form for rolling down the inclined surfaces (see Fig. 1)The human exoskeletons we are not yet reached such advanced stage however those devices have quite long research history, and the recent challenges in this field are impressing. The study on human exoskeletons started in 19 th century. The first exoskeleton-like devices were invented by Nicholas Yagin [26] (1890). These devices offered for the wearer the faster running and higher jumping ability. The era of modern exoskeletons started in late seventies of 20 th century together with the progress in digital control systems and sensing technologies [25].Exoskeletons are regarded as a wearable robots or a wearable intelligent devices. They can be categorized as a full-body, upper-body and lower-body supporters. The exoskeletons are used in rehabilitation, they prevent of motion system injuries, they increase the power or enhance the human motion abilities. Moreover, they are used as intelligent prosthesis for amputees, ÄˁǜɁʁ ǘɁʁƬʊɡɁȭƞˁǖŭƋ˿ƕ ǔǘˁȭ ĶŘȭǷƙ ǖǔǘˁȭƖ˹ŘȭǷźɡ˹ƖƬƞˁƖɡǚ Äʁǜ˿ǘˁȦ ʁƬƋƬȭ˘Ɂ˹Řȭ˿ ȭŘƞƬʊȦŘȭ˿ ɍʯƖ̋ʹƖʹ̋ʹ̋ ʁƖƙ ɡʁ˘˿ǖDŽǜ˿ ƞɁ ƞʁˁǘˁ ʹƶƖ̋ǮƖʹ̋ʹ̋ ʁƖ ďǒƬ õƬʊƬŘʁƋǒ Ɂȭ F˾ɁʊǘƬǚƬǜɁȭʊ ˹ǔǜǒ hɁƋˁʊ Ɂȭ ǜǒƬ ³ɁƋɁȧɁǜǔɁȭ ăˁɡɡɁʁǜ Jikun Wang ĶŘʁʊŘ˹ Ęȭǔ˸Ƭʁʊǔǜ˿ Ɂnj ďƬƋǒȭɁǚɁǷ˿ƙ hŘƋˁǚǜ˿ Ɂnj ÀƬƋǒŘǜʁɁȭǔƋʊƙ ȭʊǜǔǜˁǜƬ Ɂnj ÄˁǜɁȧŘǜǔƋ ,ɁȭǜʁɁǚ Řȭƞ õɁŽɁǜǔƋʊƙ ʋ˹Ɩ Äȭƞʁ˘ƬǖŘ *ɁŽɁǚǔ ƶƙ ̋ʹȊǣʹǣ ĶŘʁʊŘ˹ƙ ñɁǚŘȭƞ Linwei Lyu ďǔŘȭǖǔȭ Ęȭǔ˸Ƭʁʊǔǜ˿ Ɂnj ďƬƋǒȭɁǚɁǷ˿ƙ ÂŘǜǔɁȭŘǚ <ƬȧɁȭʊǜʁŘǜǔɁȭ ,ƬȭǜƬʁ njɁʁ F˾ɡƬʁǔȧƬȭǜŘǚ ÀƬƋǒŘȭǔƋŘǚ Řȭƞ FǚƬƋǜʁǔƋŘǚ FȭǷǔȭƬƬʁǔȭǷ FƞˁƋŘǜǔɁȭƙ ďǔŘȭǖǔȭ °Ƭ˿ ǚŘŽɁʁŘǜɁʁ˿ njɁʁ Äƞ˸ŘȭƋƬƞ ÀƬƋǒŘǜʁɁȭǔƋ ă˿ʊǜƬȧ <ƬʊǔǷȭ Řȭƞ ȭǜƬǚǚǔǷƬȭǜ ,ɁȭǜʁɁǚƙ ďǔŘȭǖǔȭ ʯ̋̋ʯƶǮƙ ,ǒǔȭŘ