Two New Iodinated Compounds as Serum Markers in Foxes

Jones, Ainsley; Woods, John A.; Cheeseman, C. L.; Nadian, Allan K.; Page, R. K.

doi:10.2307/3802434

Cited by 7 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In this work serum assays for IPA showed lower levels of IPA than has been found in foxes captured in field studies were IPA had been used in mechanically recovered meat baits (MRM) and lower than found in captive foxes that had been fed IPA in MRM (Jones et al 1997). It is possible that although the dose rate of IPA (40 mg per bait) is the same whether in a sachet (in saline) as reported here or in MRM, the quantity ingested by the fox may have been different.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Three suitable bait stations were selected in each 5-ha plot; bait stations were in gardens, sports fields, public open spaces, cemeteries and road side verges. In each 5-ha plot, at two of the bait stations, bait carrying a sachet containing the ethyl analogue of iophenoxic acid (Sigma) were used (here referred to as Et-IPA) and at the third bait station bait carrying a sachet containing the custom synthesised propyl analogue of IPA (Pr-IPA) was used (Jones et al 1997). We use 'IPA' to mean either analogue.…”

Section: Proportion Foxes Taking Bait -Bait Density Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acceptance of baits, designed to carry oral rabies vaccines, by foxes in Britain

Smith¹,

Woods²

2007

International Journal of Pest Management

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The spread of classical rabies (RABV) in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) within Europe has been reversed during the last few decades by the widespread use of vaccine baits. This approach has resulted in most of western Europe being essentially free of terrestrial rabies, and has been associated with significant increases in fox density. The few remaining foci of disease in western Europe are now situated within areas of increasing density of foxes. In Great Britain, rabies contingency planning is centred on the use of vaccine baits, following the successes in Europe. However, in Britain fox density in both rural and urban areas has generally been higher than in continental 'rabies-endemic' Europe. One consequence of a high fox density is that a greater proportion of the population needs to consume the vaccine baits and become immunised, to reduce the absolute density of susceptible animals and thus eradicate the disease. Therefore, bait uptake rates in Great Britain, in both rural and high-density urban areas, should be of interest in contingency planning for the control of future outbreaks of rabies in Europe. We report here on studies in Britain on the uptake of vaccine baits by foxes, and how this should influence both British and European rabies contingency planning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Proportion Foxes Taking Bait -Bait Density Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Acceptance of baits, designed to carry oral rabies vaccines, by foxes in Britain

Smith¹,

Woods²

2007

International Journal of Pest Management

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“…In selected baits of the three types, one of three different biomarkers was incorporated (Cagnacci et al 2006): rhodamine B, ethyl iophenoxic acid (EtIPA: α-ethyl-2-hydroxy-2,4,6-triiodebenzenepropanoic acid) and its propyl analogue (PrIPA). Rhodamine B and EtIPA were obtained from a commercial source (Sigma-Aldrich Co., Poole, UK) and PrIPA was custom synthesised (Jones et al 1997). Rhodamine B-treated baits were prepared by mixing 100 mg of the marker with each bait.…”

Section: Study Area and Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of bait type and deployment strategy on uptake by free-living badgers

Cagnacci¹,

Massei²,

Cowan³

et al. 2007

Wildl. Res.

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Baits are increasingly used in wildlife management to deliver orally administered vaccines and contraceptives. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of vaccination or fertility-control campaigns can be substantially affected by bait uptake rates. This study assessed whether bait type and deployment strategy affected bait uptake by free-living badgers (Meles meles L.). Six social groups of badgers were presented with three bait types (meat, fruit, cereals) and two deployment strategies (dispersed single baits versus aggregated multiple baits at fixed baiting stations) for six weeks. In each social group, the type of bait and deployment strategy were rotated every week so that by the end of the test every group had experienced all combinations. On three days, biomarkers (ethyl iophenoxic acid, propyl iophenoxic acid and rhodamine B) were added to the baits to determine the proportion of badgers ingesting these baits. The results indicated that both bait type and deployment strategy affected the proportion of baits eaten by badgers and the number of badgers gaining access to baits. Meat and fruit baits were taken significantly more frequently than cereals, and dispersed meat baits had the highest rates of disappearance. Biomarker levels suggested that the proportion of badgers that gained access to all baits was substantially lower when baits were aggregated, although small sample sizes prevented statistical assessment of this effect. The results suggest that dispersed single baits are likely to be consumed in greater proportions by a higher number of individual badgers than multiple baits at fixed stations.

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“…The blood sample collected from each captured badger was used to detect Et-IPA and Pr-IPA in serum using high-performance liquid chromatography (Jones 1994, Jones et al 1997. Presence of biomarker in the serum indicated bait consumption.…”

Section: Capture and Sampling Of Badgersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Baits were marked with either ethyl iophenoxic acid (Et-IPA) or its propyl analogue (Pr-IPA) depending on when they would be deployed (see the Bait Deployment Section). Ethyl iophenoxic acid was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co., with Pr-IPA being custom-synthesized (Jones et al 1997). Iophenoxic acid analogues were dissolved in the minimum quantity of 1 M sodium hydroxide required (i.e., 1 g of Et-IPA will dissolve in 3.49 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide) and the solution was added to the gelatin before admixing with MRM.…”

Section: Bait Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake of buried baits by badgers: Implications for rabies control in Great Britain and the delivery of an oral TB vaccine

Palphramand

Carter

Woods

et al. 2012

Wildlife Society Bulletin

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The British Government's contingency plan for the control of wildlife rabies is based on oral vaccination around a focal outbreak, with the option of the targeted lethal control of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and badgers (Meles meles) using buried poisoned bait. We investigated uptake by badgers of nonpoison meatbased baits buried along transects for 10 consecutive days in 1995. The original aim was to evaluate the likely effectiveness of this contingency option. However, the results are also pertinent to the development of an oral tuberculosis (TB) vaccine baiting strategy for badgers, for which research has primarily been carried out since this study was completed. Bait disappearance steadily increased over time, reaching an asymptote after 7 days. By incorporating iophenoxic acid biomarkers into baits, we showed that about 51% of subsequently captured badgers had consumed bait, the majority of which did so during the first 7 days. Bait uptake was significantly higher among adults. Rates of uptake by badgers of baits buried along transects could be increased by shortening the prebaiting period or extending the baiting period. However, considerably higher levels of uptake by adults and cubs are likely to be achieved by targeting bait deployment at badger setts, and this is now included in Britain's rabies contingency plan. Although meat-based baits cannot be used for TB control, the relevance of these results to the delivery of an oral TB vaccine bait to badgers is discussed. ß 2012 Crown copyright KEY WORDS badgers, bait uptake, biomarker, bovine tuberculosis, contingency plan, disease control, iophenoxic acid, Meles meles, rabies, vaccine bait.

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Two New Iodinated Compounds as Serum Markers in Foxes

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Acceptance of baits, designed to carry oral rabies vaccines, by foxes in Britain

Acceptance of baits, designed to carry oral rabies vaccines, by foxes in Britain

Effects of bait type and deployment strategy on uptake by free-living badgers

Uptake of buried baits by badgers: Implications for rabies control in Great Britain and the delivery of an oral TB vaccine

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