Two new species of<i>Undifilum</i>, fungal endophytes of<i>Astragalus</i>(locoweeds) in the United States

Baucom, Deana L.; Romero, Marie; Belfon, Robert; Creamer, Rebecca

doi:10.1139/b2012-056

Cited by 63 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It shares the morphological feature of thick, dark and rigid septa with the genus Embellisia , but was characterised by the formation of a wavy germ-tube upon germination (Pryor et al 2009). A recent study on fungal endophytes in locoweeds in the US described two new Undifilum species (Baucom et al 2012). Both new species produce the toxic compound swaisonine, which is also produced by U. oxytropis .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternaria redefined

Woudenberg¹,

Groenewald²,

Binder³

et al. 2013

Studies in Mycology

709

527

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Alternaria is a ubiquitous fungal genus that includes saprobic, endophytic and pathogenic species associated with a wide variety of substrates. In recent years, DNA-based studies revealed multiple non-monophyletic genera within the Alternaria complex, and Alternaria species clades that do not always correlate to species-groups based on morphological characteristics. The Alternaria complex currently comprises nine genera and eight Alternaria sections. The aim of this study was to delineate phylogenetic lineages within Alternaria and allied genera based on nucleotide sequence data of parts of the 18S nrDNA, 28S nrDNA, ITS, GAPDH, RPB2 and TEF1-alpha gene regions. Our data reveal a Pleospora/Stemphylium clade sister to Embellisia annulata, and a well-supported Alternaria clade. The Alternaria clade contains 24 internal clades and six monotypic lineages, the assemblage of which we recognise as Alternaria. This puts the genera Allewia, Brachycladium, Chalastospora, Chmelia, Crivellia, Embellisia, Lewia, Nimbya, Sinomyces, Teretispora, Ulocladium, Undifilum and Ybotromyces in synonymy with Alternaria. In this study, we treat the 24 internal clades in the Alternaria complex as sections, which is a continuation of a recent proposal for the taxonomic treatment of lineages in Alternaria. Embellisia annulata is synonymised with Dendryphiella salina, and together with Dendryphiella arenariae, are placed in the new genus Paradendryphiella. The sexual genera Clathrospora and Comoclathris, which were previously associated with Alternaria, cluster within the Pleosporaceae, outside Alternaria s. str., whereas Alternariaster, a genus formerly seen as part of Alternaria, clusters within the Leptosphaeriaceae. Paradendryphiella is newly described, the generic circumscription of Alternaria is emended, and 32 new combinations and 10 new names are proposed. A further 10 names are resurrected, while descriptions are provided for 16 new Alternaria sections.Taxonomic novelties:New combinations - Alternaria abundans (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria alternariae (Cooke) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria atra (Preuss) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria bornmuelleri (Magnus) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria botrytis (Preuss) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria caespitosa (de Hoog & C. Rubio) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria cantlous (Yong Wang bis & X.G. Zhang) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria caricis (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria cinerea (Baucom & Creamer) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria didymospora (Munt.-Cvetk.) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria fulva (Baucom & Creamer) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria hyacinthi (de Hoog & P.J. Mull. bis) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria indefessa (E.G. Simmons) Woudenberg & Crous, Alternaria leptinellae (E.G. Simmons & C.F. Hill) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria lolii (E.G. Simmons & C.F. Hill) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria multiformis (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria obclavata (Crous & U. Braun) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria obovoidea (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous, Alternaria oudemansii (E.G. Simmons) Woudenb. & Crous,...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on previous studies, the swaisonine producing species U. oxytropis (Pryor et al 2009, Lawrence et al 2012), U. fulvum and U. cinereum (Baucom et al 2012) also belong to this section, although the type species, A. bornmuelleri , does not produce swaisonine.…”

Section: Alternaria Sectionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Alternaria redefined

Woudenberg¹,

Groenewald²,

Binder³

et al. 2013

Studies in Mycology

709

527

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…[326,327], is capable to produce swainsonine in vitro. Novel species of Undifilum, U. fulvum and U. cinereum, have been later reported for production of this compound, respectively in Astragalus lentiginosus and A. mollissimus [328], along with strains of an unidentified Undifilum sp. recovered from S. canescens in Australia [329].…”

Section: Other Alkaloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Bioactive Metabolites and Drugs Produced by Endophytic Fungi of Spermatophyta

2015

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Abstract:It is known that plant-based ethnomedicine represented the foundation of modern pharmacology and that many pharmaceuticals are derived from compounds occurring in plant extracts. This track still stimulates a worldwide investigational activity aimed at identifying novel bioactive products of plant origin. However, the discovery that endophytic fungi are able to produce many plant-derived drugs has disclosed new horizons for their availability and production on a large scale by the pharmaceutical industry. In fact, following the path traced by the blockbuster drug taxol, an increasing number of valuable compounds originally characterized as secondary metabolites of plant species belonging to the Spermatophyta have been reported as fermentation products of endophytic fungal strains. Aspects concerning sources and bioactive properties of these compounds are reviewed in this paper.

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“…Swainsonine is an indolizidine alkaloid that inhibits alpha-mannosidases. Swainsonine is produced by a variety of fungi and is the major toxic component of locoweed plants, which are widely found in western China and North America [4–9]. Swainsonine (SW) causes locoism in grazing animals [10–12], when consumed for an extended time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of swnR gene on the biosynthesis pathway of the swainsonine in Metarhizium anisopliae

Sun

Song

et al. 2019

Preprint

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21Swainsonine (SW) is the principal toxic ingredient of locoweeds, and is produced by 22 fungi including Metarhizium anisopliae, Slafractonia leguminicola, and Alternaria 2 23 oxytropis. Studies of the SW biosynthesis pathway in these fungi have demonstrated 24 the requirement for a swnK gene and the presence of a variety of other SWN cluster 25 genes, but have not determined a precise role for the swnR gene, which encodes a 26 NADB Rossmann-fold reductase, nor if it is necessary for the biosynthesis of SW. In 27 this study, we used homologous recombination (HR) to knock out the swnR gene of 28 M. anisopliae to determine its effect on the SW biosynthesis pathway. The 29 concentration of SW was measured in the fermentation broth of M. anisopliae at 1 d, 30 3 d, 5 d and 7 d using a Q Exactive Mass Spectrometer. The gene for swnR was 31 detected by RT-qPCR. To determine the role of the swnR gene in the SW biosynthesis 32 pathway of M. anisopliae, we used PEG-mediated homologous recombination (HR) 33 to transform a wild-type strain (WT) with a Benomyl (ben)-resistant fragment to 34 knock out the swnR gene producing a mutant-type strain (MT). A complemented-type 35 (CT) strain was produced by adding a complementation vector that contains the 36 glufosinate (herbicide) resistance (bar) gene as a marker. The content of SW 37 decreased, but was not eliminated in the fermentation broth of the MT strain, and 38 returned to the original level in the CT strain. These results indicate that the swnR 39 gene plays a crucial role in the SW biosynthesis pathway of M. anisopliae, but 40 suggests that another gene in the fungus may share the function of swnR. 41 strain 43 Introduction 44 Metarhizium anisopliae is anentomopathogenic fungus that can infect a variety of 3 45 agricultural pest insects and produces swainsonine[1-3]. Swainsonine is an 46 indolizidine alkaloid that inhibits alpha-mannosidases. Swainsonine is produced by a 47 variety of fungi and is the major toxic component of locoweed plants, which are 48 widely found in western China and North America [4-9]. Swainsonine (SW) causes 49 locoism in grazing animals [10-12], when consumed for an extended time. SW also 50 has anti-tumor properties and may enhance the body's immunity [13-16]. 51 Recently, Cook et al. [17] sequenced the genome of two swainsonine-producing 52 fungi Slafractonia leguminicola and Alternaria oxytropis, and compared their 53 swainsonine producing genes to those in M. robertsiiand other swainsonine-producing 54 fungi. All the swainsonine-producing fungi contained a common gene cluster "SWN", 55 which included swnH 1 , swnH 2 , swnK, swnN, swnR, swnA, and swnT. Fungi that do not 56 produce swainsonine do not contain the SWN cluster. These genes encode catalytic 57 enzymes involved in the SW biosynthesis. swnN and swnR both encode NADB 58 Rossmann-fold reductases. After annotating the "SWN" gene cluster, Cook et al. [17] 59 successfully constructed a swnK knockout vector for the entomopathogen M. 60 robertsii, and obtained a swnK mutant strain by...

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Two new species ofUndifilum, fungal endophytes ofAstragalus(locoweeds) in the United States

Cited by 63 publications

References 25 publications

Alternaria redefined

Alternaria redefined

Plant Bioactive Metabolites and Drugs Produced by Endophytic Fungi of Spermatophyta

The role of swnR gene on the biosynthesis pathway of the swainsonine in Metarhizium anisopliae

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