Two new species of Rhodeus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) from the River Yangtze, China

Abstract

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Complete mitochondrial genome of Rhodeus cyanorostris (Teleostei, Cyprinidae): characterization and phylogenetic analysis

“…The cyprinid subfamily Acheilognathinae are small freshwater fish commonly known as bitterlings. These fish are characterized by their compressed body and their unique spawning strategy of depositing their eggs through extended spawning tubes into the gill cavity of live freshwater mussels and clams, where they hatch and develop until the juvenile fish are able to swim freely ( Smith et al 2004 ; Nelson et al 2016 ; Li et al 2017 , 2020a ). The subfamily Acheilognathinae includes 75 species and six valid genera, including Acheilognathus , Paratanakia , Pseudorhodeus , Rhodeus , Sinorhodeus , and Tanakia ( Arai and Akai 1988 ; Chang et al 2014 ; Li et al 2017 , 2020a ).…”

“…Although the classification of the subfamily Acheilognathinae has been controversial for many years, the genus Rhodeus is distinguished from other genera by characteristics such as an incomplete lateral line, no barbels, two rows of light spots on the dorsal fin, a pharyngeal teeth formula of 0,0,5–5,0,0, a black spot on the anterior part of the dorsal fin in juveniles (absent in R. amarus , R. meridionalis , and R. sericeus ), and wing-like yolk sac projections in the larvae ( Arai and Akai 1988 ; Li et al 2017 ; Li et al 2020a ; Li et al 2020b ). The genus Rhodeus is distributed in two disjunct regions of Eurasia and contains approximately 22 species/subspecies, with 19 in East Asia and three in Europe and West Asia ( Arai et al 2001 ; Bogutskaya and Komlev 2001 ; Bohlen et al 2006 ; Li and Arai 2014 ; Bartáková et al 2019 ; Li et al 2020a ). Among the 19 Rhodeus species/subspecies in East Asia, eight ( R. albomarginatus , R. cyanorostris , R. fangi , R. nigrodorsalis , R. ocellatus , R. sinensis , R. shitaiensis , and R. flaviventris ) have been reported in the Yangtze river basin of China ( Li et al 2020a , b ).…”

“…The genus Rhodeus is distributed in two disjunct regions of Eurasia and contains approximately 22 species/subspecies, with 19 in East Asia and three in Europe and West Asia ( Arai et al 2001 ; Bogutskaya and Komlev 2001 ; Bohlen et al 2006 ; Li and Arai 2014 ; Bartáková et al 2019 ; Li et al 2020a ). Among the 19 Rhodeus species/subspecies in East Asia, eight ( R. albomarginatus , R. cyanorostris , R. fangi , R. nigrodorsalis , R. ocellatus , R. sinensis , R. shitaiensis , and R. flaviventris ) have been reported in the Yangtze river basin of China ( Li et al 2020a , b ).…”

“… Rhodeus cyanorostris Li, Liao & Arai, 2020 is endemic to China and is restricted to Chengdu City, Sichuan Province. It can be easily distinguished from other congeners (except for R. nigrodorsalis ) by its blue snout, less branched dorsal- and anal-fin rays (both no more than eight of each), and lack of pored scales ( Li et al 2020a ). Moreover, according to the personal observations of the first author, R. cyanorostris and R. nigrodorsalis are the only two bitterling species known to spawn mainly in winter, from January to March ( Li et al 2020a ).…”

Genetic diversification of the Kanehira bitterling Acheilognathus rhombeus inferred from mitochondrial DNA, with comments on the phylogenetic relationship with its sister species Acheilognathus barbatulus

“…In the most recent phylogenetic analyses of the bitterling subfamily (Chang et al, 2014;Kawamura et al, 2014), it was demonstrated that A. rhombeus has a closely related sister species, Acheilognathus barbatulus Günther 1873. A. barbatulus not only has an extremely wide distribution in China, extending to Laos and northern Vietnam (Froese & Pauly, 2021), but also spawns in autumn (Li et al, 2020).…”