Two Novel Odorant Receptor Families Expressed in Spermatids Undergo 5′-Splicing

Walensky, Loren D.; Ruat, Martial; Bakin, Robert E.; Blackshaw, Seth; Ronnett, Gabriele V.; Snyder, Solomon H.

doi:10.1074/jbc.273.16.9378

Cited by 58 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…This expression during limited stages of spermatids is similar to the expression pattern of some members of the spermatid chemoreceptor family (a family of rat ORs) in the testis (Walensky et al, 1998). This contrasts with the report by Tatsura et al (Tatsura et al, 2001) that TOR9, an OR family member, is expressed in 90% of seminiferous tubules.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Functional characterization of a mouse testicular olfactory receptor and its role in chemosensing and in regulation of sperm motility

Fukuda

Yomogida

Okabe

et al. 2004

Journal of Cell Science

200

166

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Although a subset of the olfactory receptor (OR) gene family is expressed in testis, neither their developmental profile nor their physiological functions have been fully characterized. Here, we show that MOR23 (a mouse OR expressed in the olfactory epithelium and testis) functions as a chemosensing receptor in mouse germ cells. In situ hybridization showed that MOR23 was expressed in round spermatids during stages VI-VIII of spermatogenesis. Lyral, a cognate ligand of MOR23, caused an increase in intracellular Ca2+ in a fraction of spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa. We also generated transgenic mice that express high levels of MOR23 in the testis and examined the response of their germ cells to lyral. The results provided evidence that lyral-induced Ca2+ increases were indeed mediated by MOR23. In a sperm accumulation assay, spermatozoa migrated towards an increasing gradient of lyral. Tracking and sperm flagellar analyses suggest that Ca2+ increases caused by MOR23 activation lead to modulation of flagellar configuration, resulting in chemotaxis. By contrast, a gradient of a cAMP analog or K8.6 solution, which elicit Ca2+ influx in spermatozoa, did not cause sperm accumulation, indicating that chemosensing and regulation of sperm motility was due to an OR-mediated local Ca2+ increase. The present studies indicate that mouse testicular ORs might play a role in chemoreception during sperm-egg communication and thereby regulate fertilization.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Functional characterization of a mouse testicular olfactory receptor and its role in chemosensing and in regulation of sperm motility

Fukuda

Yomogida

Okabe

et al. 2004

Journal of Cell Science

200

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2 (bottom panel). Fork head domain 224 T00997 SRY, sex determining region on Y 225 T01429 SRY-related HMG-box gene 5 241 T00027 AP1 transcription factor 259 T00027 AP1 transcription factor 272 T00027 AP1 transcription factor 279 T01470 Ikaros, lymphoid-specific transcription factor scribed in testis (12,16,17,45). Interestingly, nearly all of these testis-expressed OR are potentially functional, amounting to ϳ15% of the human OR with open reading frames (2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Transcription and Splicing of Odorant Receptor Genes

Volz

Ehlers

Younger

et al. 2003

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Human major histocompatibility (human leucocyte antigen (HLA)) complex-linked odorant receptor (OR) genes are among the best characterized OR genes in the human genome. In addition to their functions as odorant receptors in olfactory epithelium, they have been suggested to play a role in the fertilization process. Here, we report the first in-depth analysis of their expression and regulation within testicular tissue. Sixteen HLA-linked OR and three non-HLA-linked OR were analyzed. One OR gene (hs6M1-16, in positive transcriptional orientation) exhibited six different transcriptional start sites combined with extensive alternative splicing within the 5 -untranslated region, the coding exon, and the 3 -untranslated region. Long distance splicing, exon sharing, and premature polyadenylation were features of another three OR loci (hs6M1-18, -21, and -27, all upstream of hs6M1-16, but in negative transcriptional orientation). Determination of the transcriptional start sites of these OR genes identified a region of 81 bp with potential bi-directional transcriptional activity. The results demonstrate that HLA-linked OR genes are subject to unusually complex transcriptional regulatory mechanisms.

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“…These six genes also encode a putative N-terminal glycosylation site seven amino acids downstream of this methionine, but hydrophobicity plots of these six sequences predict six TM regions and place the N-terminus in the first intracellular region (data not shown). Alternatively, mRNA of these genes might include a 5Ј coding exon(s), and an earlier starting methionine could be included through splicing, as has been observed in other OR genes (Walensky et al 1998;Linardopoulou et al 2001).…”

Section: Protein-coding Potential Of 7e Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex Evolution of 7E Olfactory Receptor Genes in Segmental Duplications

Newman

Trask²

2003

Genome Res.

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Large segmental duplications (SDs) constitute at least 3.6% of the human genome and have increased its size, complexity, and diversity. SDs can mediate ectopic sequence exchange resulting in gross chromosomal rearrangements that could contribute to speciation and disease. We have identified and evaluated a subset of human SDs that harbor an 88-member subfamily of olfactory receptor (OR)-like genes called the 7Es. At least 92% of these genes appear to be pseudogenes when compared to other OR genes. The 7E-containing SDs (7E SDs) have duplicated to at least 35 regions of the genome via intra-and interchromosomal duplication events. In contrast to many human SDs, the 7E SDs are not biased towards pericentromeric or subtelomeric regions. We find evidence for gene conversion among 7E genes and larger sequence exchange between 7E SDs, supporting the hypothesis that long, highly similar stretches of DNA facilitate ectopic interactions. The complex structure and history of the 7E SDs necessitates extension of the current model of large-scale DNA duplication. Despite their appearance as pseudogenes, some 7E genes exhibit a signature of purifying selection, and at least one 7E gene is expressed.

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Two Novel Odorant Receptor Families Expressed in Spermatids Undergo 5′-Splicing

Cited by 58 publications

References 39 publications

Functional characterization of a mouse testicular olfactory receptor and its role in chemosensing and in regulation of sperm motility

Functional characterization of a mouse testicular olfactory receptor and its role in chemosensing and in regulation of sperm motility

Complex Transcription and Splicing of Odorant Receptor Genes

Complex Evolution of 7E Olfactory Receptor Genes in Segmental Duplications

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