We systematically investigated enhancement of the molecular two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections (σ (2) ) of organic dyes confined in the interlayer space of clay films. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain the enhanced TPA of dyes in the interlayer spaces of clays. The present study comprehensively investigates two of these mechanisms, namely, (1) enhanced molecular planarity and the consequent extension of the π-electron system and (2) enhanced molecular orientation. We fabricated transparent dyeÀclay films consisting of a synthetic saponite clay and four cationic dyes. Two of these dyes are expected to have enhanced planarity when they are hybridized with a clay mineral. The other two dyes are considered to retain the planarity of their conjugated π-electron systems when they are in solution or in the interlayer space of a clay. We experimentally measured the σ (2) of these dyes in a clay film and in solution and found that the σ (2) of all four dyes is enhanced in a clay film but that this enhancement is greater for the former two dyes. These results are explained in terms of the effects of (a) extension of the π-conjugated system due to the enhanced planarity, (b) reduced detuning energy due to the enhanced planarity, (c) enhanced molecular orientation, and (d) the occasionally hydrophobic environment of the interlayer space of clay minerals. The highest enhancement of σ (2) was observed for a porphyrin derivative, tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin ptoluenesulfonate, for which σ (2) in a hybrid film was 13 times greater than that in a dimethyl sulfoxide solution. Therefore, hybridization of cationic dyes with a clay mineral is an effective design strategy for TPA materials.