Two point discrimination in lower limbs in healthy people: Average values and influence of gender, dominance, height and BMI

Valagussa, Giulio; Meroni, Roberto; Cantarelli, F.; Molteni, Laura; Galbiati, Lucia; Cerri, C

doi:10.1016/j.math.2016.05.164

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…It should be noted that smaller distances were not tested as 32 output channels were considered as hardware limitations of the used stimulation system and we envisioned a multi‐array electrode with at least three or more rows of pads around the thigh that will allow the spatial representation of 3D information from robotic limbs. The obtained results are in line with the previously reported values of electrotactile (9.88 mm 34 ) and mechanical (ranging from 23.2 ± 9.3 mm 35 to 31.5 ± 12.6 mm 36 ) two‐point discrimination threshold (TPDT).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Design of multi‐pad electrotactile system envisioned as a feedback channel for supernumerary robotic limbs

Boljanić

Isaković²,

Malešević³

et al. 2022

Artificial Organs

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Background Providing real‐time haptic feedback is an important, but still not sufficiently explored aspect of the use of supernumerary robotic limbs (SRLs). We present a multi‐pad electrode for conveying multi‐modal proprioceptive and sensory information from SRL to the user's thigh and propose a method for stimuli calibration. Methods Within two pilot tests, we investigated return electrode configuration and active electrode discrimination in three healthy subjects to select the appropriate electrode pad topology. Based on the obtained results and anthropometric data from the literature, the electrode was designed to have three branches of 10 pads and two additional pads that can be displaced over/under the electrode branches. The electrode was designed to be connected to the stimulator that allows full multiplexing so that specific branches can serve as a common return electrode. To define the procedure for application of this system, the sensation, localization, and discomfort thresholds applicable for the novel electrode were determined and analyzed in 10 subjects. Results The results showed no overlaps between the three thresholds for individual pads, with significantly different average values, suggesting that the selected electrode positioning and design provide a good active range of useful current amplitude. The results of the subsequent analysis suggested that the stimuli intensity level of 200% of the sensation threshold is the most probable value of the localization threshold. Furthermore, this level ensures a low chance (i.e., 0.7%) of reaching the discomfort. Conclusions We believe that envisioned electrotactile system could serve as a high bandwidth feedback channel that can be easily set up to provide proprioceptive and sensory feedback from supernumerary limbs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Design of multi‐pad electrotactile system envisioned as a feedback channel for supernumerary robotic limbs

Boljanić

Isaković²,

Malešević³

et al. 2022

Artificial Organs

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Two-Point Discrimination on the Palmar Surface of Hands in MBBS Students: Influence of Bmi, Gender and Average Values

Patibandla

Miriam

2022

ijsr

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Aim: In our study, we attempted to measure the average two-point discrimination values on the pulp of all distal phalanges and the mid-palmar surface of the hands of Healthy MBBS Students and its inuence on BMI and Gender. Study Population & Methodology: We conducted this experiment using a two-point esthesiometer on 100 healthy 1st MBBS students (Females 52, Males 48) aged between 18-20 years from Guntur Medical College, Andhra Pradesh. Based on the BMI we classied subjects under ve categories as per WHO ASIAN-BMI SCALE. Results: Average two-point threshold value in females for right and left rst distal phalanx 3mm, 2.76mm, for second distal phalanx 1.92mm, 2.38mm, for third distal phalanx 2.69mm, 2.26mm fourth distal phalanx 2.84mm, 2.38mm, fth distal phalanx 3.30mm, 2.84mm, mid palmar surface 6mm, 6.76mm respectively. From our study, the two-point threshold is more for the mid-palmar surface. Two-point discrimination has a positive correlation between the right and left palmar surface of the hand but the relationship between variables is weak in the distal phalanges and moderate in the mid-palmar surface. As per BMI, the Two-point discrimination threshold has a positive correlation in the left rst distal phalanx, right and left fourth distal phalanges, right fth distal phalanx and right mid palmar surface. We see an association between gender and the two-point discrimination threshold in the right and left rst distal phalanx and the remaining areas don't have any association.

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Normative Values of Two-Point Discrimination for Lower Limb Dermatomes in Healthy Young Adults and Its Correlation with Gender and Body Mass Index

Kumar,

Shetty,

Nale

et al. 2023

Archives of Medicine and Health Sciences

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Background and Aim: Two-point discrimination (TPD) is a useful test for assessing cutaneous sensation. Sensory testing devices for testing TPD values have shown to be valid and reliable in the measurement of the functional sensitivity of the hand and its relativity to touch perception. Evaluation of TPD in the lower extremities is debatable because of dearth of information available in the literature about normative values. The aim of this study is to identify the normative values of TPD of lower limb dermatomes in young, healthy individuals and analyze its relationship with body mass index (BMI) and gender. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 participants of the age group 18–25 undergoing graduation program were included in this study. They underwent TPD test for lower limb (L1 to S2) dermatomes, using a baseline esthesiometer. The Spearman’s ratio test was used to find the relationship between BMI and TPD values. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare TPD values according to gender. Results: The normative value ranged from 1.46 ± 1.27 to 2.61 ± 1.45 in lower limb dermatomes. The minimum value noted was at the S1 dermatome (left) and the maximum at the L2 dermatome (left). In the sidewise analysis of TPD, the median values of both sides were approximately the same. There was a definite correlation (P < 0.05) between female gender and TPD; however, there was no significant correlation between BMI and TPD. Conclusion: This study suggested that women are more perceptive in appreciating TPD values than men. Moreover, TPD values do not vary according to BMI or right and left sides.

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Two point discrimination in lower limbs in healthy people: Average values and influence of gender, dominance, height and BMI

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Design of multi‐pad electrotactile system envisioned as a feedback channel for supernumerary robotic limbs

Design of multi‐pad electrotactile system envisioned as a feedback channel for supernumerary robotic limbs

Two-Point Discrimination on the Palmar Surface of Hands in MBBS Students: Influence of Bmi, Gender and Average Values

Normative Values of Two-Point Discrimination for Lower Limb Dermatomes in Healthy Young Adults and Its Correlation with Gender and Body Mass Index

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