“…Examples of these algorithms are Genetic Algorithms (GA) ( Holland, 1992 ), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) ( Kennedy & Eberhart, 1995 ), Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm ( Yang & Deb, 2010 ), Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) ( Balaha and Saafan, 2021 , Saremi et al, 2017 ), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) ( Mirjalili et al, 2014 ). Also, many learning techniques have been used to improve the performance of the metaheuristic algorithms ( El-Gendy et al, 2020 , Feng et al, 2018 , Li, Li, Tian, and Xia, 2019 , Li, Li, Tian, and Zou, 2019 , Li and Wang, 2021 , Li, Wang, and Alavi, 2020 , Li, Wang, Dong, et al, 2021 , Li, Wang, and Gandomi, 2021 , Li, Wang, and Wang, 2021 , Li, Xiao, et al, 2020 , Nan et al, 2017 , Saafan and El-Gendy, 2021 , Wang, Deb, et al, 2016 ).…”