Two Sets of E. S. R. of Gd³⁺ in BaTiO₃ Ceramic Semiconductor

Electron Magnetic Resonance of Diluted Solid Solutions of Gd3+ in BaTiO3

“…It closely matches the spectrum reported by Takeda & Watanabe 9 for powdered Gd-doped BaTiO 3 . In principle, linewidth data can be extracted from any of the lines in the powder spectrum.…”

Defect structure of oxide ferroelectrics—valence state, site of incorporation, mechanisms of charge compensation and internal bias fields

“…Another topic of interest is the discussed ability of self-compensation for lanthanide dopants, in which the gadolinium functional centre is incorporated simultaneously on Pb 2+ and Ti 4+ sites. Such a self-compensation mechanism has already been suggested for the Gd 3+ impurity centre in barium titante [78][79][80][81][82] and for PZT 52/48 [83,84] on the basis of EPR studies. On the other hand, rather a single-site situation has been suggested for a 4 mol % gadolinium-modified PZT powder [85].…”

“…In case of manganese-doping, an additional hyperfine-coupling term has to be added to the spin Hamiltonian (12) owing to the hyperfine interaction of the electron spins with the nuclear spins of the 55 Mn isotope I 55 Mn = 5 2 , which is analogous to the third term in Eq. 11.…”

“…For intermediate ionic radii values, exceptions from this rule were suggested proposing a shared site occupancy. This situation is termed as amphoteric and a certain kind of dopant ion is incorporated simultaneously on the A-and B-site [9][10][11][12][13]. For trivalent dopants, this scenario comprises a mechanism of selfcompensation.…”

Structure and Dielectric Properties of Eu-Doped Barium Titanate Ceramics

“…On the basis of XRD refinement calculations and the comparison of rare-earth ionic radii with Ti and Ba ones, some researchers systematically studied site occupancy of rare-earth ions in BaTiO 3 sintered in a reducing or low-oxygen atmosphere. [42][43][44][45] They divided rare-earth ions into 3 regimes: I large ionic radii r 12 0.094 nm, La, Nd and Sm, II medium-sized ones 0.094 nmr 12 0.087 nm, Gd, Dy, Ho and Er and III smaller ones r 12 0.087 nm, Yb and Lu. These dopants occupy 12-coordinate A Ba sites, both AB sites with amphoteric behavior, and 6-coordinate B Ti sites, respectively, summarized in Table 2.…”