Two-stage pyrolysis of heavy residues: feedstock versus yield

The catalytic pyrolysis of the Egyptian bitumen for industrial production raw material

“…5 and 6 illustrate the bearing of the second-stage temperature (T 2 ) on the distribution of the hydrocarbon pyrolyzate produced from catalytic two-stage pyrolysis of the feedstock fraction Table 2 The effect of first-stage contact time (t 1 ) on the distribution of gaseous pyrolyzate produced from catalytic two-stage pyrolysis of the tested feedstock fraction separated from the Egyptian crude oil using Ca 2+ catalyst separated from the Egyptian tested crude oil using Ca 2+ catalyst, while all the other factors T 1 , t 1 , t 2 and catalyst to oil ratio are kept constant at 450 8C, 20 min, 3 s and 50:1, respectively. The second-stage temperature (T 2 ) is known to be the most important factor affecting on the distribution of gaseous pyrolyzate in the two-stage pyrolysis technique [4,5]. As T 2 increased from 500 to 700 8C, the % yield of methane, ethylene and n-butane increased from 3.2 to 6.6 wt%, from 1.3 to 6.2 wt% and from 3.2 to 4.9 wt%, respectively.…”

“…The second-stage contact time (t 2 ) is one from the important factor which affect on the pyrolysis reaction [4,5], which can be controlled by the flow rate of the carrier gas (argon). Contact time of the second stage (t 2 ) calculated from this relation:…”

“…In the previous papers [1][2][3][4], a two-stage pyrolysis technique using a batch-type reactor was described and was shown to be a promising method for the production of C 1 -C 4 paraffin and C 2 -C 4 olefins from the heavy residues separated from Egyptian crude oil. It has been demonstrated [5] that by adopting a contact time of $1.25 s in the second stage, an ethylene yield of 12-14 wt% can be obtained from tar-sand bitumen and 16 and 27 wt% from Tacking and Iranian heavy vacuum residues, respectively.…”

“…The aim of the present work is to investigate the use of Egyptian bitumen (80/100) as a feed stock [4] for the twostage catalytic pyrolysis technique in order to obtain the maximum yield of ethene and propene for the most economical prices for industrial petrochemical raw material production.…”

Nanotechnology Role for the Production of Clean Fuel E-85 and Petrochemical Raw Materials

“…Any processing to convert heavy ends into refined distillates should somewhere include a hydrogen addition step, heteroatom removal step. However, in the two-stage pyrolysis technique, the feed stock can be used without any pretreatment [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], regardless of the type of the feed stock used (contaminants are left as pyrolysis residue at the first stage) and the pyrolyzate as then contains high percentage of ethylene and propylene (≈37 wt. % unsaturated) using the normal catalyst.…”