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The dynamic cardiomyoplasty provide an active girdle effect by the wrap of the electrostimulated left latissimus dorsi muscle around the heart. The technique has been almost abandoned in the last five years because the chronic continuous electrical stimulation degenerates the muscle, lowering the long-term results of the intervention. An activity-rest stimulation protocol, which avoid full transformation of the skeletal muscle, maintaining muscular properties overtime, has been proposed showing in humans good results in term of NYHA class, EF and survival improvement. The debate about the capability of this unique kind of cardiocirculatory bio-assist is virtually open: the economic and cost-saving demand dynamic cardiomyoplasty avoiding immunosuppression therapy, extracorporeal circulation equipment and expensive follow-up, probably will be still alive.
The dynamic cardiomyoplasty provide an active girdle effect by the wrap of the electrostimulated left latissimus dorsi muscle around the heart. The technique has been almost abandoned in the last five years because the chronic continuous electrical stimulation degenerates the muscle, lowering the long-term results of the intervention. An activity-rest stimulation protocol, which avoid full transformation of the skeletal muscle, maintaining muscular properties overtime, has been proposed showing in humans good results in term of NYHA class, EF and survival improvement. The debate about the capability of this unique kind of cardiocirculatory bio-assist is virtually open: the economic and cost-saving demand dynamic cardiomyoplasty avoiding immunosuppression therapy, extracorporeal circulation equipment and expensive follow-up, probably will be still alive.
We hypothesized that a two-stage vascular delay procedure followed by 5 weeks of conditioning of the latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) could benefit the heart during the training period and greatly increase cardiac assistance when examined with maximum potential. In mongrel dogs (n = 10), left ventricle (LV) dysfunction was induced by intracoronary injections of latex microspheres [90 +/- 2 micro diameter]. Vascular delay of the LDM was performed in one group (n = 6), whereas the other group (control, n = 4) did not undergo vascular delay. After 2 weeks, CMP was performed in all animals followed by LDM conditioning. After 5 weeks of muscle training, we examined left ventricular function at 20 Hz-4 volts, 33 Hz-4 volts, and 50 Hz-10 volts stimulation by assessing peak aortic pressure (AoP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), maximum LV +dP/dt, stroke volume (SV), stroke work (SW), stroke power (SP), and aortic flow. LDM assisted beats were compared with nonstimulated beats. LDM stimulation caused significant increases in pressure and flow in the vascular delay group. At 20 Hz-4 volts, absolute increases were LVP (10.2 +/- 0.6) mm Hg, AoP (9.8 +/- 1.7) mm Hg, SV (1.8 +/- 0.4) ml, SW (5.3 +/- 1.0) gm x m, SP (40.8 +/- 12.7) gm x m/sec, max LV dP/dt (104.8 +/- 53.2) mm Hg/sec, and peak aortic flow (0.9 +/- 0.3) L/min. At 33 Hz-4 volts, the absolute increases were LVP (13.6 +/- 1.3) mm Hg, AoP (12.1 +/- 2.4) mm Hg, SV (2.7 +/- 0.7) ml, SW (7.4 +/- 1.4) gm x m, SP (72.7 +/- 16.5) gm x m/sec, max LV dP/dt (294 +/- 19) mm Hg/sec, and peak aortic flow (1.8 +/- 0.5) L/min. At 50 Hz-10 volts, the absolute increases were LVP (17.7 +/- 0.7) mm Hg, AoP (21.1 +/- 1.9) mm Hg, SV (6.0 +/- 1.1) ml, SW (14.6 +/- 2.2) gm.m, SP (128.2 +/- 15.3) gm x m/sec, max LV dP/dt (352 +/- 62) mm Hg/sec, and peak aortic flow (3.3 +/- 0.4) l/min (p < 0.05). The percentage increases were significantly larger in the vascular delay group compared with controls at 50 Hz-10 volts LDM stimulation. By using a two-stage vascular delay procedure, LDM stimulation can provide meaningful cardiac assistance during training periods. Furthermore, brief periods of maximal potential benefit (demand cardiomyoplasty) can be achieved during the training period.
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