Two-step fabrication of $$\hbox {MAPbI}_{3}$$ perovskite thin films with improved stability

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a part of an emerging technology in photovoltaics (PV), which uses perovskitestructured hybrid compounds as light absorbers such as methylammonium lead iodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 or MAPbI 3). PSCs with a record certified efficiency of 22.1% are among the fastest advancing PV technology; but PSCs suffer from fast degradation in the presence of moisture. PSCs prepared by a solution process have additional limitation of small device area. In order to improve the stability of perovskite layer, we have used a two-step method for depositing a perovskite layer. First step is the thermal evaporation of lead iodide (PbI 2) and second is dip coating (DC) in methylammonium iodide (CH 3 NH 3 I or MAI) solution to prepare a MAPbI 3 perovskite. At the same time, we have also used conventional spin coating (SC) for PbI 2 films and DC in MAI to obtain MAPbI 3 for a comparative study. The gradual formation of MAPbI 3 after dipping a PbI 2 film into MAI solution can be seen from X-ray diffraction patterns. Structural, optical and electrical properties of the MAPbI 3 films are also studied. Better stability of perovskite films was observed using vapour-deposited PbI 2 films as compared with spin-coated PbI 2 films.

Formation of a Secondary Phase in Thermally Evaporated MAPbI3 and Its Effects on Solar Cell Performance

“…Since their inception in 2009, PSCs have seen an improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 3.8% to over 25% on a laboratory scale, surpassing the performance of polycrystalline silicon solar cells. However, to date, the most efficient PSCs have been fabricated via solution processes that are hard to scale up, such as spin coating, posing concerns for the commercialization of this technology. − While spin coating provides advantages during laboratory-scale fabrication for its low infrastructure cost, it also lacks control over the film uniformity, stoichiometry, and morphology . Moreover, the use of toxic organic solvents/antisolvents at the industrial level poses serious concerns for both hazards and handling costs .…”

Insertion of metal cations into hybrid organometallic halide perovskite nanocrystals for enhanced stability: eco-friendly synthesis, lattice strain engineering, and defect chemistry studies

“…20,21 In spite of enormous approaches, an optimized synthesis procedure is still a big challenge for researchers in the precise control of PVNCs with phase calibration and crystal geometry. [22][23][24] Basically, the crystal-growth reactions of PVNCs showed a short time to make its reaction-mechanism really tough to understand with a controlled facet, design and shape till now.…”

Cu katkısının MAPbI3 Perovskit İnce Filmlerin Yapısal Özellikleri ve Elektriksel Özdirenç Üzerine Etkisi

“…If there are gaps between the particles, the resistance increases. This explains why the resistance in our study was lower than the literature (Targhi et al, 2018;Basumatary & Agarwal, 2019). The use of Cu as a dopant is an effective method of improving the electrical resistivity of perovskit thin films for device applications.…”