“…Rals regulate tumorigenesis and cancer progression in three ways: (1) through activation of Ral effector proteins such as RalBP1 and kinase Aurora A, (2) via activation of several signaling pathways such as phosphaolipase D1, Src, JNK, NF‐kB, and cyclin D, and (3) by phosphorylation of Ral proteins . Ral activation was shown to be involved in a number of different tumor types such as lung , colorectal , melanoma , pancreatic , squamous cell carcinoma , hepatocellular carcinoma , prostate , ovarian , bladder , chronic myelogenous leukemia , peripheral nerve sheath tumors , and medulloblastoma . Studies have even been completed showing Ral‐A autoantibodies as a potentially useful serum biomarker for prostate adenocarcinoma .…”