Two-step quantum secure direct communication scheme with frequency coding

Zhao, Xueliang; Li, Junlin; Niu, Peng-Hao; Ma, Hongyang; Ruan, Dong

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/26/3/030302

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…With the rapid development of QSDC in terms of its theoretical characterization [41]- [46], some QSDC protocols were demonstrated in the laboratory. Notably, Hu et al [47] achieved QSDC in a noisy environment based on the DL04 protocol [38] with the aid of single-photon frequency coding, demonstrating the feasibility of QSDC in the presence of loss.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Pan

Ruan

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum communication that is capable of directly transmitting secret messages over a quantum channel. It may be viewed as a concrete realization of Wyner's wiretap channel theory, which ensures the reliable and secure communication of information in the presence of noise and eavesdropping. Hence it is a fully-fledged quantum-communications protocol, which does not require a separate secret key negotiation phase. By contrast, its quantum key distribution (QKD) counterpart represents a secret key-negotiation protocol, which has to be followed up by a separate classical communication session. The essential difference between these two modes of quantum communication lies in the employment of a block-based data transmission technique, proposed by Long and Liu in 2000. However, the original block-based data transmission requires quantum memory, which is not widely available at the time of writing. Recently, this difficulty has been overcome by using classical coding theory, which has been successfully applied to the single-qubit DL04 QSDC. Here we will present a single-photon-memory QSDC protocol based on entangled pairs of photons. We commence by comparing QSDC to QKD, followed by an example of the single-photon QSDC and single-photon QKD protocol. Then we continue by modifying the so-called two-step QSDC protocol designed for deterministic QKD by reducing the number of qubits in a block into a single one, in which Alice prepares Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) photon pairs and partitions them into two parts: the so-called pioneer qubit and the follow-up qubit. The pioneer photon is transferred first to Bob, while the follow-up photon is used either for performing encoding or for eavesdropping detection. Bob extracts the candidate key by combining the two particles of the EPR pair to perform Bell-basis measurement. Then the protocol is transformed into a singlephoton-memory QSDC using coding theory. Our theoretical analysis shows that the resultant protocol is robust to individual attacks. Additionally, a high communication efficiency is achieved. INDEX TERMS Quantum secure direct communication, quantum key distribution, entanglement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Pan

Ruan

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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“…Therefore, quantum cryptography is attracting more and more attention from both industry and academia. Up to date, various quantum communication protocols have been presented by scholars and engineers, such as quantum key distribution (QKD), [3][4][5] quantum secure direct communication (QSDC), [6][7][8] quantum secret sharing (QSS), [9][10][11] quantum teleportation (QT), [12,13] remote state preparation (RSP), [14,15] and quantum signature (QS). [16,17] As a significant branch of quantum cryptography, quantum dialogue (QD) allows two participants to exchange their secret message simultaneously, which is also known as bidirectional quantum secure direct communication (BQSDC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault tolerant controlled quantum dialogue against collective noise*

Chang¹,

Zhang²,

Tian³

et al. 2020

Chinese Phys. B

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Quantum system is inevitably affected by the external environment in the real world. Two controlled quantum dialogue protocols are put forward based on logical χ-type states under collective noise environment. One is against collective-dephasing noise, while the other is against collective-rotation noise. Compared with existing protocols, there exist several outstanding advantages in our proposed protocols: Firstly, the χ-type state is utilized as quantum channels, it possesses better entanglement properties than GHZ state, W state as well as cluster state, which make it difficult to be destroyed by local operations. Secondly, two kinds of logical χ-type states are constructed by us in theory, which can be perfectly immune to the effects of collective noise. Thirdly, the controller can be offline after quantum distribution and permission announcement, without waiting for all the participants to complete the information coding. Fourthly, the security analysis illuminates that our protocols can not only be free from the information leakage, but also resist against the intercept-and-resend attack, the entanglement-and-measure attack, the modification attack, the conspiring attack, and especially the dishonest controller’s attacks.

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“…The major limitation of QSDC is the distance covered is less than QKD. According to [2], the distance for QSDC is a quarter of single photon protocol [3] and about half the entangled state protocol [4], [5]. To overcome the distance limitations, the concept of multiphoton protocol namely the three-stage protocol was proposed by Kak [6] which directly shares the message over the multi stages of quantum channel without any involvement of key distribution step and no entanglement required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid M-Ary in Braided Single Stage Approach for Multiphoton Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

et al. 2019

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Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) is a branch of quantum cryptography which exploits laws of physics and was recently proposed for securing information transferred from sender to receiver without relying on computational complexity. Instead of an entangled photon, the quantum cryptography employs two other approaches, single photon and multiphoton for encoding the messages. The multiphoton was proposed to outperform the weaknesses of a single photon by introducing the multiplicity of a photon to perform data encryption tasks. Despite the advantages of multiphoton, the transmission time to transfer the encoded data is still regarded as a critical issue. Most of the multiphoton approaches require multiple photons to travel along a number of stages. Moreover, extra time is needed to change the polarization angle of the optical device for encoding purposes. These situations have resulted in an increase in source redundancy, which subsequently leads to an increase in the transmission time. In this paper, a compression message approach is proposed to mitigate the substantial increase in time used for the data transmission processes. The proposed compression approach, namely, hybrid M-ary in a braided single stage (HMBSS) is based on the lossless data encoding such that the number of photons is reduced in the data transmission stage. Extensive simulation experiments have been conducted to test the performance of the proposed approach against some selected multiphoton approaches. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms braided single-stage, M-ary three-stage and initialization vector in terms of reducing total average transmission time to encode the photon by about 75.9% and 91.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the HMBSS reduces the overhead on the transmission channel by minimizing the number of message's bits by about 45% in average even when the length of the message increases during the transmission as compared to others.INDEX TERMS Encoding, lossless compression, multiphoton, multistages, polarization state.

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Two-step quantum secure direct communication scheme with frequency coding

Cited by 22 publications

References 62 publications

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Single-Photon-Memory Two-Step Quantum Secure Direct Communication Relying on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs

Fault tolerant controlled quantum dialogue against collective noise*

Hybrid M-Ary in Braided Single Stage Approach for Multiphoton Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

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