Two types of expectancies concerning competitive employment among people with mental illness in supported employment

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Motivation is a central factor in supported employment. OBJECTIVE: This paper introduces two types of expectancy postulated by the extended cognitive model of motivation into the field of supported employment. We focus on the action-outcome-expectancy, which implies an active and action orientated attitude, and the situation-outcome-expectancy, which is associated with a passive attitude. We analysed which of the two expectancies is related to a better vocational outcome in a supported employment study. METHODS: 116 participants with mental illness were enrolled. A series of logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore associations between the type of expectancy and variables of interest. RESULTS:The action-outcome-expectancy was predicted by a higher self-motivation (importance of working), being female, higher income, and a higher score in the global quality of life scale. Having a partner, lower income and a lower score in the global quality of life scale were predictors of the situation-outcome-expectancy. Notably, study participants with the action-outcome-expectancy had a threefold higher probability of obtaining competitive employment. CONCLUSION: Therefore, job coaches should consider taking a stronger lead in the application process for participants with situation-outcome-expectancy.

Predictors of Employment for People With Mental Illness: Results of a Multicenter Randomized Trial on the Effectiveness of Placement Budgets for Supported Employment

“…A previous study based on the sample receiving IPS presented herein found that patients who believed that their own actions influence outcomes (referred to as action-outcome expectancy) were more likely to work for at least 1 day during the study period. This expectancy was associated with higher motivation, female sex, higher income, and quality of life (QoL) (8). Recent reviews all found prior work experience, and some also found higher motivation or lower age predictive of higher levels of acquisition of competitive employment with SE (9–11).…”

The attitudes of mental health professionals on the employability of people with mental illness: A different view limiting employment rehabilitation

“…These different mindsets partially confirm previous studies (Fleming et al., 2019 ; Nordt et al., 2006 ; Olmo‐Romero et al., 2019 ; Rose et al., 2018 ), where non‐medical professionals have a better view of the employability of people with mental illness. Consequently, differing views between medical and social professionals may reduce the effectiveness of work rehabilitation programs, discouraging or confusing individuals who need to increase their intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to work (Reddy et al., 2016 ), which is a requirement for individuals to develop an active and action‐oriented attitude toward employment (Brantschen et al., 2017 ). This research also confirms other previous studies (Brucker & Doty, 2019 ; Fleming et al., 2019 ) and shows that medical mental health professionals may have a negative belief that people with mental illness cannot and do not want to work.…”

How do recovery-oriented interventions contribute to personal mental health recovery? A systematic review and logic model

“…Therefore, participants must be willing and able to successfully engage with the intervention (Brantschen et al, 2017). Service user passivity was identified as a negative moderator of functional, existential and social recovery outcomes across several interventions including supported employment (Brantschen et al, 2017), peer support (Castelein et al, 2008), illness management and recovery (Salyers, Matthias, Sidenbender, & Green, 2013) and the strengths model (Tse, Divis, & Li, INTERVENTIONS FOR MENTAL HEALTH RECOVERY 22 2010). Providers described service users' lack of interest in working, their internalised negative views and a lack of work-related skills as key barriers to making referrals for supported employment (Costa et al, 2017).…”