Two visual systems in mental imagery

Levine, David N.; Warach, Joshua D.; Farah, Martha J.

doi:10.1212/wnl.35.7.1010

Cited by 406 publications

(154 citation statements)

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“…LH has bilateral lesions affecting visual association cortices and the subjacent white matter. These sites include the right temporal lobe, the left subcortical occipitotemporal white matter, and bilateral parieto-occipital regions (see Levine, Calvanio, & Wolfe, 1980;Levine, Warach, & Farah, 1985, for details of visual testing). Spatial perception was untouched by his injuries.…”

Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Encoding Precludes Recognition of Face Parts in Prosopagnosia

Gelder¹,

Rouw²

2000

Cognitive Neuropsychology

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The extent and the impact of spared processing of facial stimuli in the prosopagnosic patient LH is examined using the inversion effect and the face context effect. Our study asked how the deficit in individual face recognition is related to two perceptual abilities that are spared in this patient but between which there is interference when both are applied to the face stimulus, i.e. structural encoding of the face and parts-based matching procedures. Three experiments studied this relationship with task demands and stimulus properties designed to trigger the parts-based processes. In the first experiment, human and animal faces are presented upright or inverted with good performance only for the inverted condition. In Experiment 2 normals show a clear face context effect (matching of upright faces easier than scrambled or inverted ones) in the full face matching task whereas in the parts matching task the face superiority effect disappears. In contrast, LH shows a face inferiority effect when matching full faces but also when matching an isolated face part to a face part in a full face context. The results show that structural encoding of the face overrules parts-based procedures that could otherwise be helpful to tell individual faces apart.Prosopagnosia is a deficit in face recognition (Bodamer, 1947), whereby the face no longer elicits any sense of familiarity although the patient continues to recognise familiar voices or gait. How specific to faces this disorder is, is still controversial, partly because very few cases of prosopagnosia have been studied in such a way that the possibility of at least some mild deficit in other areas like word or object recognition can be entirely excluded (Bruce & Humphreys, 1994;Farah, 1990; Gauthier, Behrmann, & Tarr, in press). The debate is now broadened by contributions from electrophysiological studies (see Jeffreys, 1996) and from brain imaging methods (Gauthier, Tarr, Anderson, Skudlarski, & Gore, 1997;Kanwisher, McDermott, & Chun, 1997a). Recent reports have provided evidence that loss of normal face recognition can manifest itself not just as a loss of the normal pattern of performance-for example, better performance with upright than with inverted faces-but as its opposite, superior performance with inverted in contrast to upright faces (de Gelder, 1999;de Gelder, Bachoud-Levi, & Degos, 1998;Farah, Wilson, Drain, & Tanaka, 1995). In other words, these patients present us with a reversal of the normal pattern. This data suggests that loss of face processing ability is not simply a matter of losing the ability to process a certain category of stimuli (faces) nor of losing a certain processing style (one which targets the stimulus configuration), but that there is an interaction between damaged and intact skills. In order to focus on this interaction we refer to the intact aspects of face processing as "structural encoding" of the face. It is 89Requests for reprints should be addressed to Beatrice de Gelder, Tilburg University, Department of Psychology, PO Box 90...

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Section: Case Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Encoding Precludes Recognition of Face Parts in Prosopagnosia

Gelder¹,

Rouw²

2000

Cognitive Neuropsychology

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“…Some (e.g., Treisman & Gormican, 1988) use physiological data (e.g., Mishkin et al, 1983;Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982) to place the master map of locations in the parietal lobe. Investigations (e.g., Levine, Warach, & Farah, 1985;Newcombe & Russell, 1969) of patients with parietal lobe damage have yielded deficits in localization, but no loss in object recognition. This confirms a role for the parietal lobe in.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Blackboard and Network Architecturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual search, visual streams, and visual architectures

Green

1991

Perception & Psychophysics

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Most psychological, physiological, and computational models of early vision suggest that retinal information is divided into a parallel set of feature modules. The dominant theories of visual search assume that these modules form a "blackboard" architecture: a set of independent representations that communicate only through a central processor. A review of research shows that blackboard-based theories, such as feature-integration theory, cannot easily explain the existing data. The experimental evidence is more consistent with a "network" architecture, which stresses that: (1) feature modules are directly connected to one another, (2) features and their locations are represented together, (3) feature detection and integration are not distinct processing stages, and (4) no executive control process, such as focal attention, is needed to integrate features. Attention is not a spotlight that synthesizes objects from raw features. Instead, it is better to conceptualize attention as an aperture which masks irrelevant visual information.Two factors make early vision a difficult computational problem. First, the solution space is combinatorially explosive because images contain a large number of feature dimensions. Second, computation must be rapid, so processing time is limited. Many theories suggest that the visual system solves these problems by means of a divideand-eonquer strategy; the retinal image is decomposed into an array of separate representations that are processed in parallel.

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“…They appear in different forms and are perceived through different cognitive processes, and these differences lead to significant cognitive loads in building a connection between maps and real-world environments (Thorndyke and HayesRoth 1982;Evans and Pezdek 1980;Levine et al 1985). To address this issue, many tourist maps offer people 3D drawings of important landmarks.…”

Section: Navigation Support In the Real Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Integrating spatial knowledge from maps with spatial knowledge from physical experience can be difficult, because in different forms of spatial knowledge, the same objects are represented in different ways and through different cognitive processes (Thorndyke and Hayes-Roth 1982;Evans and Pezdek 1980;Levine et al 1985). Thus, navigation tools should also exhibit the semantic relationship between these presentation formats so that people can easily interpret them and tie them together.…”

Section: Theoretical Foundation Of M 2 S Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

M2S maps: supporting real-world navigation with mobile VR

Zhang

2006

Virtual Reality

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Mobile devices are becoming increasingly integrated into our society. In addition to entertaining people with applications like pervasive games, mobile devices can also help to address cognitive challenges people face in the real world. This paper, by drawing on research findings from cognitive psychology and geography, explores a design to use mobile VR to help people overcome one cognitive barrier in navigation, which is to establish the correspondence between 2D spatial information found in maps and 3D entities they perceive from the real world. The design offers users multi-format, multi-scale, and semantic (M 2 S) maps, ranging from 2D maps to 3D immersive environments, and helps users to connect 2D maps to the real world through 3D environments which are equipped with semantic representation and animation techniques. Consequently, users can apply various kinds of spatial knowledge, 2D or 3D, in understanding the real world as well as assisting in navigation. This research enhances the design repertoire of mobile VR, and suggests a way to integrate virtual environments into people's real-world life by examining the cognitive implications of 3D models on users' activities.

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Two visual systems in mental imagery

Cited by 406 publications

References 0 publications

Structural Encoding Precludes Recognition of Face Parts in Prosopagnosia

Structural Encoding Precludes Recognition of Face Parts in Prosopagnosia

Visual search, visual streams, and visual architectures

M2S maps: supporting real-world navigation with mobile VR

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