Two-wave-mixing dynamics and nonlinear hot-electron transport in transverse-geometry photorefractive quantum wells studied by moving gratings

Balasubramanian, S.; Lahiri, I.; Ding, Y.; Melloch, M. R.; Nolte, David D.

doi:10.1007/s003400050716

Cited by 47 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For beam power as low as ∼190 µW (∼11 mW cm −2 ) a response time of 15 µs is obtained, showing that PRMQW of GaAs are one of the most sensitive and fastest photorefractive materials. This result agrees with previous measurements of the response time of the grating by monitoring the time evolution [7].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Thus the response time of the electroabsorption can be obtained when = τ −1 . Equation (5) represents a novel and simple way of measuring the response time of photorefractive gratings, as opposed to the traditional way of monitoring the temporal behaviour of the gratings [7]. A similar expression can be found for the absorption coefficient change.…”

Section: Phase-modulated Holographymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurements of absorption coefficient and refractive index changes without the Kramers–Kronig relation in photorefractive quantum wells of GaAs

Ramos-Garcia¹,

Chiu²,

Nolte³

et al. 2003

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.

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We measure the absorption coefficient and refractive index changes produced in photorefractive quantum wells of GaAs by using a high-sensitivity periodically phase-modulated two-wave mixing technique. The technique allows us to measure both the amplitude and phase of the refractive and absorption index changes simultaneously. Thus, there is no necessity to use the Kramers-Kronig relation when either the absorption or refractive index is known. We also measure the response time of the grating formation in the frequency domain, yielding ∼15 µs at I 0 = 11 mW cm −2 , which shows that quantum wells of GaAs are one of the fastest materials for dynamic holography.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Phase-modulated Holographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of absorption coefficient and refractive index changes without the Kramers–Kronig relation in photorefractive quantum wells of GaAs

Ramos-Garcia¹,

Chiu²,

Nolte³

et al. 2003

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.

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“…These devices self-compensate thermal and mechanical disturbances and maintain the quadrature condition with a compensation rate higher than a kHz [15]. Phase modulation in the probe beam at frequencies higher than the compensation rate of the PRQW device is read out by a photodetector as intensity modulation caused by interference between the transmission (zero-order) of one beam and the first-order diffraction of the other beam.…”

Section: Intensity-free Homodyne Detection Using Photorefractive Quanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive interferometry of protein on a BioCD

et al. 2007

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Adaptive spinning-disk interferometry is capable of measuring surface profiles of a thin biolayer with subnanometer longitudinal resolution. High-speed phase modulation in the signal beam arises from the moving surface height profile on the spinning disk and is detected as a homodyne signal via dynamic two-wave mixing. A photorefractive quantum-well device performs as an adaptive mixer that compensates disk wobble and vibration while it phase-locks the signal and reference waves in the phase quadrature condition (͞2 relative phase between the signal and local oscillator). We performed biosensing of immobilized monolayers of antibodies on the disk in both transmission and reflection detection modes. Single-and dual-analyte adaptive spinning-disk immunoassays were demonstrated with good specificity and without observable cross-reactivity. Reflection-mode detection enhances the biosensing sensitivity to one-twentieth of a protein monolayer, creates a topographic map of the protein layer, and can differentiate monolayers of different species by their effective optical thicknesses.

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“…Compared to phase-stepping holography, for which the fringe pattern must be effectively stationary on the timescale of the multiple CCD exposures, photorefractive holography requires that it is stationary only on the time scale of the grating formation process. Balasubramanian et al [31] have measured the grating recording time (time taken for diffracted signal to reach (1 − 1/e) of the steady state value) to be smaller than 10 µs for an incident intensity of 10 mW cm −2 and this corresponds to an imaging rate of greater than 100 kHz. Previously, imaging with PRQW devices has achieved a frame rate of 470 fps using an intensified readout camera [32].…”

Section: High-frame-rate Coherence Gated Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-speed wide-field coherence-gated imaging via photorefractive holography with photorefractive multiple quantum well devices

Dunsby

Mayorga-Cruz

Munro

et al. 2003

J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.

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The parallel pixel acquisition inherent in wide-field coherence-gated imaging techniques offers the possibility of high-frame-rate imaging and volumetric imaging, including through scattering media. We discuss photorefractive holography using sensitive, dynamic photorefractive multiple quantum well (PRQW) films as a promising approach and, after reviewing the factors that determine the sensitivity of this technique, we demonstrate that high-frame-rate wide-field coherence gated imaging is possible at 830 frames per second with PRQW devices using a non-intensified camera to record the diffracted signal.

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Two-wave-mixing dynamics and nonlinear hot-electron transport in transverse-geometry photorefractive quantum wells studied by moving gratings

Cited by 47 publications

References 2 publications

Measurements of absorption coefficient and refractive index changes without the Kramers–Kronig relation in photorefractive quantum wells of GaAs

Measurements of absorption coefficient and refractive index changes without the Kramers–Kronig relation in photorefractive quantum wells of GaAs

Adaptive interferometry of protein on a BioCD

High-speed wide-field coherence-gated imaging via photorefractive holography with photorefractive multiple quantum well devices

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