Two waves of canine distemper virus showing different spatio-temporal dynamics in Alpine wildlife (2006–2018)

Bianco, Alice; Zecchin, Bianca; Fusaro, Alice; Schivo, Alessia; Ormelli, Silvia; Bregoli, Marco; Citterio, Carlo Vittorio; Obber, Federica; Dellamaria, Debora; Trevisiol, Karin; Lorenzetto, Monica; Benedictis, Paola De; Monne, Isabella

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104359

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Population density is also important for pathogens with environmental transmission (e.g., parvovirus) such that environmental reservoirs and contamination may accumulate more quickly at higher host densities 20 . The presence and population densities of sympatric reservoir hosts, including synanthropic animals, is also important for the dynamics of multi-host viruses (e.g., canine distemper, T. gondii) [21][22][23][24][25][26] , as well as parasites with intermediate hosts (e.g., Neospora caninum) 27 . Our large-scale dataset captures natural variation in human density, wolf density (e.g., population density, pack size, pack density), host presence (i.e., habitat quality), and primary prey, allowing us to examine their importance (Table 2, Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Patterns and processes of pathogen exposure in gray wolves across North America

Brandell

Cross

Craft

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The presence of many pathogens varies in a predictable manner with latitude, with infections decreasing from the equator towards the poles. We investigated the geographic trends of pathogens infecting a widely distributed carnivore: the gray wolf (Canis lupus). Specifically, we investigated which variables best explain and predict geographic trends in seroprevalence across North American wolf populations and the implications of the underlying mechanisms. We compiled a large serological dataset of nearly 2000 wolves from 17 study areas, spanning 80° longitude and 50° latitude. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to predict the probability of seropositivity of four important pathogens: canine adenovirus, herpesvirus, parvovirus, and distemper virus—and two parasites: Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Canine adenovirus and herpesvirus were the most widely distributed pathogens, whereas N. caninum was relatively uncommon. Canine parvovirus and distemper had high annual variation, with western populations experiencing more frequent outbreaks than eastern populations. Seroprevalence of all infections increased as wolves aged, and denser wolf populations had a greater risk of exposure. Probability of exposure was positively correlated with human density, suggesting that dogs and synanthropic animals may be important pathogen reservoirs. Pathogen exposure did not appear to follow a latitudinal gradient, with the exception of N. caninum. Instead, clustered study areas were more similar: wolves from the Great Lakes region had lower odds of exposure to the viruses, but higher odds of exposure to N. caninum and T. gondii; the opposite was true for wolves from the central Rocky Mountains. Overall, mechanistic predictors were more informative of seroprevalence trends than latitude and longitude. Individual host characteristics as well as inherent features of ecosystems determined pathogen exposure risk on a large scale. This work emphasizes the importance of biogeographic wildlife surveillance, and we expound upon avenues of future research of cross-species transmission, spillover, and spatial variation in pathogen infection.

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confidence: 99%

Patterns and processes of pathogen exposure in gray wolves across North America

Brandell

Cross

Craft

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…[43]) have shown how culling may turn out to be ineffective or even counterproductive in both fox demography and epidemiological terms, especially when applied to insufficient knowledge of ecological priors. In addition, besides hunting/control culling, in our study area at least two other important issues could have affected fox dynamics and consequently may have influenced the parasite patterns: namely, subsequent epizootics of canine distemper virus and a severe rabies epizootic from 2008 to 2011 [14,15]. These events have caused dramatic mortality in the fox population, affecting therefore its size, dynamics, spatial distribution and home range stability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In this area, during the last 2 decades the alpine fox population recovered from a rabies epizootic, which started in late 2008 and was eradicated by oral fox vaccination in early 2011 [14]. Moreover, since 2006 it has also been affected by consecutive canine distemper virus outbreaks [15]. Although not always consistently among different local guidelines, in NE Italy the fox demographic trends are monitored annually through the analysis of relative abundance indices such as passive surveillance results, den counts, hunting bag sizes and, more recently, spotlight counts performed simultaneously with red deer counts [16].…”

Section: Background and Aim Of The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Echinococcus multilocularis and other cestodes in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of northeast Italy, 2012–2018

et al. 2021

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Background Echinococcus multilocularis is a small tapeworm affecting wild and domestic carnivores and voles in a typical prey-predator life cycle. In Italy, there has been a focus of E. multilocularis since 1997 in the northern Italian Alps, later confirmed in red foxes collected from 2001 to 2005. In this study, we report the results of seven years of monitoring on E. multilocularis and other cestodes in foxes and describe the changes that occurred over time and among areas (eco-regions) showing different environmental and ecological features on a large scale. Methods Eggs of cestodes were isolated from feces of 2872 foxes with a sedimentation/filtration technique. The cestode species was determined through multiplex PCR, targeting and sequencing ND1 and 12S genes. Analyses were aimed to highlight variations among different eco-regions and trends in prevalence across the study years. Results Out of 2872 foxes, 217 (7.55%) samples resulted positive for cestode eggs at coproscopy, with differences of prevalence according to year, sampling area and age class. Eight species of cestodes were identified, with Taenia crassiceps (2.65%), Taenia polyacantha (1.98%) and E. multilocularis (1.04%) as the most represented. The other species, Mesocestoides litteratus, Taenia krabbei, T. serialis, T. taeniaeformis and Dipylidium caninum, accounted for < 1% altogether. Echinococcus multilocularis was identified in foxes from two out of six eco-regions, in 30 fecal samples, accounting for 1.04% within the cestode positives at coproscopy. All E. multilocularis isolates came from Bolzano province. Prevalence of cestodes, both collectively and for each of the three most represented species (T. crassiceps, T. polyacantha and E. multilocularis), varied based on the sampling year, and for E. multilocularis an apparent increasing trend across the last few years was evidenced. Conclusions Our study confirms the presence of a focus of E. multilocularis in red foxes of northeast Italy. Although this focus seems still spatially limited, given its persistence and apparent increasing prevalence through the years, we recommend research to be conducted in the future on the ecological factors that, on a smaller scale, allow this zoonotic species to persist. On the same scale, we recommend a health education campaign to inform on the measures to prevent this zoonosis, targeted at people living in the area, especially hunters, dog owners, forestry workers and other potentially exposed categories.

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“…The natural host spectrum of CDV comprises in at least six orders and over 20 families of mammals [4][5] , in particular all families of the order Carnivora [6][7] , including dogs that are susceptible to infection of CDV [8] . According to recent reports [9][10][11][12] , risk of re-emergence of canine distemper presents in world and some of new strains of canine distemper virus have been isolated in Asia. It seems to tell us must to pay attention to the prevention and control of CD at present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apoptotic Investigation of Brain Tissue Cells in Dogs Naturally Infected by Canine Distemper Virus

Pan

Wang

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background Canine distemper caused by canine distemper virus that belongs to the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family, is still a global epidemic significant infectious disease, especially in pet dogs in China and Seriously harm to the development of the dog industry. It has been known that Apoptosis caused by canine distemper virus can show in culture cells, lymphoid tissues and cerebellum. however, its occurrence in brain tissue cells remains unclear. In order to investigate the relationship among canine distemper infecting brain tissues, apoptosis in brain tissue cells and demyelinating pathogenesis this study was performed. Methods 16 naturally infected dogs that exhibited clinical signs of CD and tested positive for anti-CDV monoclonal antibody, as well as on six healthy dogs that served as controls were used in the research. Brain specimens were divided into cerebrum, brain stem and cerebellum that was embedded in paraffin and made the sections respectively. Approximately 5 µm-thick sections were stained by haematoxylin–eosin, methyl green pyronin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling technique and immunohistochemistry. CDV nucleocapsid protein was detected by immune streptavidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex. Results alterations in the brain tissues of CDV-infected dogs involved both various cells and nervous fibres. CDV had varying degrees of cytotropism to all brain tissue cells; apoptosis also occurred in all kind of cells in the brain, especially in the endothelia of cerebral vessels, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, the heavier infection, the more obvious apoptosis. Serious infections also involved the pyramidal and Purkinje cells. The nervous fibres exhibited demyelinating lesions (showed small multifocal vacuole) as well as some neuron axonal atrophy and disappeared gradually (formed large vacuole). Conclusions Apoptosis in brain tissue cells was mainly related to the propagation path and cytotropism of CDV. The apoptosis of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and some neurons may play a significant role in the demyelinating pathogenesis in dogs with acute canine distemper. A lot of diverse nervous signs shown in clinic may be in relation to different neuron apoptosis.

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Two waves of canine distemper virus showing different spatio-temporal dynamics in Alpine wildlife (2006–2018)

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

Patterns and processes of pathogen exposure in gray wolves across North America

Patterns and processes of pathogen exposure in gray wolves across North America

Echinococcus multilocularis and other cestodes in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of northeast Italy, 2012–2018

Apoptotic Investigation of Brain Tissue Cells in Dogs Naturally Infected by Canine Distemper Virus

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