Two-way immune effects of deoxynivalenol in weaned piglets and porcine alveolar macrophages: Due mainly to its exposure dosage

Liu, Dandan; Wang, Qing; He, Wenmiao; Chen, Xingxiang; Wei, Zhanyong; Huang, Kehe

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126464

Cited by 37 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The levels obtained in the feed analysis of piglets exceeded the maximum tolerated limits for pigs in the initial phase (deoxynivalenol 0 ppb, aflatoxin 0 ppb, and fumonisin 100 ppb) that were defined by the Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analysis (LAMIC, 2005) and are sufficient to trigger harmful effects in animals (LIU et al, 2020). The mycotoxins present in the feed can cause several metabolic changes, which cause the occurrence of diseases named mycotoxicosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The major problems related to mycotoxins are at the dietary levels that do not determine the appearance of clinical symptoms, but can be harmful, both at high and low doses (LIU et al, 2020) and cause innate immunosuppression in animals (KHATOON et al, 2018), and inflammation in many cell lines (ALASSANE-KPEMBI et al, 2017), culminating in the reduction of animal productivity (KHATOON et al, 2018). Altogether, the results indicate towards an outbreak of circovirus associated with immunosuppression caused by mycotoxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Association of porcine circovirus infection with mycotoxicosis: a case report

Araújo

Silva²,

Andrade

et al. 2022

AVB

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Circovirus is widespread in pig farming, and mainly affects piglets increasing morbidity and mortality rates, being vaccination the most effective strategy to control one. However, for an effective vaccine response, certain factors must be considered, such as the adoption of good practices during the conservation and handling of vaccines, environmental challenges, nutritional and health status of the animals, and presence of immunosuppressive agents, such as mycotoxins, in the feed. Here, we describe a circovirus outbreak associated with mycotoxin immunosuppression that occurred in the piglets during the nursery phase at a commercial farm, which initiated with a sudden increase in the mortality of vaccinated piglets. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using RT-PCR, while the feed was subjected to mycotoxicological analysis. RT-PCR analysis revealed the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) in the blood serum samples, thereby confirming the circovirus outbreak. The feed analysis revealed elevated levels of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, and fumonisins), which were above the levels tolerated by the piglets during the nursery phase. Therefore, the contaminated feed was discarded, and a new ration was made available. Concurrently, the vaccination program was amended to normalize the mortality rate. The presence of mycotoxins in the feed could be the predisposed factor for piglet infection caused by PCV-2 and other diseases. This is an important aspect because the immunosuppressive effect of mycotoxins can alter the vaccine response, thereby making the piglets more susceptible to the diseases even after being vaccinated, although they should be immunologically protected.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Association of porcine circovirus infection with mycotoxicosis: a case report

Araújo

Silva²,

Andrade

et al. 2022

AVB

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“…Though a more drastic reduction in feed intake was noted when fish oil was included at levels greater than 2.5% ( Huber et al, 2018 ), it is likely that both DON contamination and fish oil negatively affect diet palatability. Finally, the feed additive provided some benefit for jejunal and ileal villus heights (versus DONω3), even though DON contamination between 1.5 and 3 ppm has been linked to reduced jejunal villus height ( Bracarense et al, 2012 ; Liu et al, 2020 ). Although, it should be noted that pigs fed DON-contaminated diets with no feed additive (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is in accordance with other studies that found no difference for immune response to LPS due to diet complexity ( Dritz et al, 1996 ; Gaines et al, 2003 ). Conversely, dietary DON can have both immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory effects on pigs, depending on exposure concentration and duration ( Bondy and Pestka, 2000 ; Cheng et al, 2006 ; Liu et al, 2020 ). Though all 13 plasma cytokines measured in the current study were elevated in response to the LPS challenge, only IL-1RA and IFN-γ tended to be influenced by the interaction between diet and injection type (LPS versus saline).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn in low-complexity diets supplemented with either an immune-modulating feed additive, or fish oil on nursery pig growth performance, immune response, small intestinal morphology, and component digestibility

Larivière

Zhu

Sharma

et al. 2022

Translational Animal Science

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Three hundred twenty newly weaned pigs (21 days of age; 6.7±0.3 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of supplementing low-complexity (LC) deoxynivalenol- (DON) contaminated nursery diets with a feed additive or fish oil on growth performance and immune response to an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens per treatment): positive control (PC; contained multiple animal protein sources), or 1 of 4 LC diets (contained only plant-based protein sources) without (NC; negative control) or with ~3.5 ppm DON-contamination, without (DON-) or with a feed additive containing a blend of immune-modulating components (DON+; 2 mg/kg, as-fed) or fish oil (DONω3; 2.5%, as-fed). Dietary treatments were fed during phases I and II (7 and 15 days, respectively) and a common phase III diet was fed for 20 days. On day 22, two pigs per pen were injected IM with 30 μg/kg BW LPS and 1 pig per pen with 1 mL saline. Rectal temperatures were recorded at 0, 1, 2, 3 h after injection. At 3 h, blood was collected for plasma cytokine analysis and small intestinal histomorphology was assessed. In phase I, pigs fed PC and NC did not differ for ADG, ADFI and G:F, but these outcomes were greater than for pigs fed DON+ and DONω (P < 0.05). In phase II, pigs fed NC had greater ADG and PC had greater ADFI but lower G:F than pigs fed DON- and DONω3 (P < 0.05). At the end of phase II, pigs fed DONω3 tended to have lower BW than PC and NC (P = 0.084 and 0.079, respectively). In phase III and overall, there were no differences among dietary treatments for ADG, ADFI, G:F, or final BW. The LPS injection increased rectal temperature and reduced jejunal and ileal villus height (versus saline; P < 0.05). Plasma interferon-γ concentration was only increased by LPS for pigs fed PC, NC, and DON+ compared to the saline-injected counterparts (P < 0.05). Regardless of LPS injection, jejunal villus height was greater for pigs fed DON+ than DONω3 (P < 0.05) and ileal villus height was greater for pigs fed DON+ and PC than DONω3 (P < 0.05). Therefore, nursery diet complexity did not affect growth performance or immune response to LPS. Regardless of DON contamination and feed additive inclusion in phases I and II, pigs were able to achieve nursery exit BW not different from those fed PC. The feed additive offered marginal benefits for small intestinal villus height and immune response for pigs fed DON-contaminated LC nursery diets.

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“…Ingestion of DON induces gut injury and inflammation, and affects growth performance of piglets ( Li et al, 2018b ; Pierron et al, 2018 ; Reddy et al, 2018 ). Low-dose of DON (2 μM) exposure causes immunostimulation, whereas high-dose of DON (16 μM) plays as inmmunoinhibitory in porcine alveolar macrophage cells (PAMs) ( Liu et al, 2020a ). In addition, studies found that DON (3.875 mg/kg) affected developmental competence of ovaries and oocyte quality of female mouse, and 1.09 mM DON caused deformity in 50% of zebrafish larvae ( Hou et al, 2014 ; Khezri et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontoxic-dose deoxynivalenol aggravates lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammation and tight junction disorder in IPEC-J2 cells through activation of NF-κB and LC3B

Liu

Lin

et al. 2020

Food and Chemical Toxicology

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the key factor in various intestinal inflammation which could disrupt the epithelial barrier function. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known mycotoxin, can induce intestinal injury. However, the combined enterotoxicity of LPS and DON has rarely been studied. In this study, IPEC-J2 cell monolayers were exposed to LPS and nontoxic-dose DON for 12 and 24 h to investigate the effects of DON on LPS-induced inflammatory response and tight junction variation, and specific inhibitor and CRISPR-Cas9 were used to explore the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that nontoxic-dose DON aggravated LPS-induced cellular inflammatory response, reflecting on more significant changes of inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression, higher protein expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and procaspase-1. Moreover, nontoxic-dose DON aggravated LPS-induced mRNA and protein expression decreased, and distribution confused of tight junction proteins. We found that DON further enhanced LPS-induced phosphorylation and nucleus translocation of p65, and expression of LC3B-Ⅱ. NF-κB inhibitor and CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockout of LC3B attenuated the effects of combination which indicated nontoxic-dose DON aggravated LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and tight junction disorder through activating NF-κB signaling pathway and autophagy-related protein LC3B. It further warns that ingesting low doses of mycotoxins may exacerbate the effects of intestinal pathogens on the body.

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Two-way immune effects of deoxynivalenol in weaned piglets and porcine alveolar macrophages: Due mainly to its exposure dosage

Cited by 37 publications

References 43 publications

Association of porcine circovirus infection with mycotoxicosis: a case report

Association of porcine circovirus infection with mycotoxicosis: a case report

The effects of deoxynivalenol-contaminated corn in low-complexity diets supplemented with either an immune-modulating feed additive, or fish oil on nursery pig growth performance, immune response, small intestinal morphology, and component digestibility

Nontoxic-dose deoxynivalenol aggravates lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammation and tight junction disorder in IPEC-J2 cells through activation of NF-κB and LC3B

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