Two-week rule in head and neck cancer 2000-14: a systematic review

Abstract

The fast-track system in the UK for patients with suspected cancer--the two-week rule--states that if cancer is suspected there should be a maximum of 14 days between referral from primary care and consultation with a specialist. This approach is valued by patients, ensures a universal standard of diagnosis, and speeds up the overall management of cancer. However, some say that the rule has had little or no effect on survival, results in a diagnosis of cancer in only a small proportion of patients referred, and is expensive. We have made a systematic review of the effectiveness of the two-week rule in patients with head and neck cancer with the aid of electronic searches of databases. including MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews CINAHL, and CANCERLIT up to the end of 2014. This was supplemented by searching conference proceedings and contacting experts. Retrospective and prospective studies that included either conversion rate (proportion of two-week referrals who were diagnosed with cancer--positive predictive value), or detection rate (proportion of diagnosed cancers referred under the two-week rule - sensitivity), or both, were included. Two reviewers assessed studies for inclusion, and extracted data independently. Heterogeneity was assessed by inspection of the overlap of 95% CI in the forest plot and calculation of I(2). We made a random-effects meta-analysis of 17 studies. All reported the conversion rate, and 10 also reported the detection rate. Meta-analysis indicated an overall pooled conversion rate of 8.8% (95% CI 7.0% to 10.7%) and a pooled detection rate of 40.8% (95% CI 25.7% to 55.8%) Subgroups in which maxillofacial (OFMS) and otolaryngology (ENT) were assessed showed no significant difference in conversion rate (8.3% and 8.8%; p=0.73). Subgroup analyses of early studies (before the end of 2008) and later studies (2009-14), showed a significant reduction in conversion rates from 10.6% to 6.6%, p=<0.0001. These early and late subgroups showed a significant increase in detection rate (35.0% to 49.7%, p=0.0008). The conversion and detection rates were similar to those for a number of other cancer sites that relied on a list of signs and symptoms for referral and were similar in both ENT and OMFS units. There is evidence that two-week referral conversion rates are falling, while detection rates are rising because of an increased number of referrals. The influence of the two-week referrral on outcomes, particularly survival, is not well known.

Head and neck cancer risk calculator (HaNC‐RC)—V.2. Adjustments and addition of symptoms and social history factors

“…A review of the literature has highlighted a large number of inappropriate USOC referrals and an average HNC diagnosis of only 8%. 15,16 The above underline the importance of early HNC diagnosis and the need for change of the current referral pathways. Although cancer risk calculators have been available for the last 10-20 years for other common cancers, prediction models for HNC have only recently started to emerge.…”

External validation of a cancer risk prediction model for suspected head and neck cancer referrals

“…The latest iteration of the NICE guidelines published in 2015 did not manage to increase the detection rate of cancer via the urgent suspicion of cancer pathway. 5 When the 2015 NICE symptom list was modelled a low HNC predictive power was found. 6 • A head and neck cancer risk calculator was designed to predict cancer probability based on patients' demographics and presenting symptoms.…”

“…This has led to a low HNC detection rate and heavily overbooked clinics. The current recommendations for referral are consensus‐based, and thus of low‐level evidence …”

“…The current recommendations for referral are consensus-based, and thus of low-level evidence. 5 To refine the referral guidelines, a retrospective cohort study was undertaken to examine the symptoms related to HNC. A risk calculator was generated from this study using a combination of symptoms that had a statistically significant higher predictive value when compared to the NICE recommendations.…”

New NICE referral guidance for oral cancer: does it risk delay in diagnosis?

“…1 The updated NICE guidelines (NG12, 2015) 2 imply that certain presentations, if identified by a GP, should be referred to a dentist for assessment before they are reviewed by a specialist. We compared the application of the new advice against that given in the old guidelines (CG27, 2005) 3 on a group of patients referred to an oral and maxillofacial department to assess the potential impact on outcomes.…”