Type 2 diabetes and obesity in adults

Abstract

There are approximately 2.5 million people in the UK with diabetes; 85-95% of whom have type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. As approximately 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese, obesity is seen as a significant contributory factor in its development. This article aims to examine some of the physiological mechanisms by which overweight and obesity contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes, and review some of the approaches to managing overweight and obesity in the person with established type 2 diabetes, including dietary management, the use of reduced carbohydrate diets on glycamic control, anti-diabetes and anti-obesity drugs both in use and in development, and bariatric surgery.

Pen-2 overexpression induces Aβ-42 production, memory defect, motor activity enhancement and feeding behavior dysfunction in NSE/Pen-2 transgenic mice

“…In humans, the alteration of feeding behavior is considered to be the major cause for diseases such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and hypertension (24). To explore whether the feeding behavior dysfunction could induce the alteration of an indicator for diabetes and obesity, the level of some parameters including glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in the serum of NSE/hPen-2 Tg mice.…”

Major Complications and Management Options of Obesity

“…[6] Type 2 diabetes and obesity are directly correlated because insulin resistance leads to raised blood glucose levels which in turn increases the adipose tissue fat. [7] Body fat is divided into 80% subcutaneous fat and 20% visceral fat of the total. [7] However, visceral fat is a greater contributor to obesity since visceral fat cells are correlated to the excessive production of adipocytokines which causes inflammation and insulin resistance.…”

“…[7] Body fat is divided into 80% subcutaneous fat and 20% visceral fat of the total. [7] However, visceral fat is a greater contributor to obesity since visceral fat cells are correlated to the excessive production of adipocytokines which causes inflammation and insulin resistance. [7] The adipocytes in the visceral tissue have a higher rate of lipolysis, which is the breakdown of fats into fatty acids compared to the subcutaneous fats.…”

“…The increase in fatty acid (lipotoxicity) causes insulin receptor dysfunction leading to insulin resistance. [7] In normal individual, blood sugar levels don't rise, as insulin will turn down gluconeogenesis, while individuals with insulin resistance, the blood sugar levels continue to increase because gluconeogenesis continues. [7] The rapid increase in the number of people with type 2 diabetes is directly correlated to weight gain and obesity.…”

Potential Health Benefits of Bread Supplemented with Defatted Flaxseeds under Dietary Regimen in Normal and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects.

“…Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterised by high levels of blood glucose due to insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion [Whitmore, 2010]. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is affecting large number of individuals worldwide.…”