Type 2 diabetes mellitus BALB/c mice are more susceptible to granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: Immunohistochemical study

Omaña‐Molina, Maritza; Sanchez-Rocha, Raquel; Hernández-Martínez, Dolores; Grijalva, Miriam Romero; Salinas-Lara, Citlaltépetl; Rodrı́guez-Sosa, Miriam; Juárez-Avelar, Imelda; Salazar‐Villatoro, Lizbeth; González‐Robles, Arturo; Méndez-Cruz, Adolfo René; Aley-Medina, Patricia; Espinosa-Villanueva, Jesús; Castelan-Ramírez, Ismael; Lorenzo‐Morales, Jacob

doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.001

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In our study, we observed a few amoebae causing damage in nearby areas where they were found. It is important to highlight the low inflammatory response of the host tissues, which is in agreement with other studies performed in vivo in the CNS, in which the amoebae in short interaction times (24–96 h) did not induce a relevant inflammatory response [ 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Since the pathogenic potential of amphizoic amoebae of Acanthamoeba genus was demonstrated, several assays have been carried out on different animal models, with the purpose of describing the histopathological findings of experimental infections induced by these amoebae in the cornea and mainly in the CNS. These findings were reported in healthy as well as diabetic organisms, in periods of time ranging from 3 to 14 days, and even up to 7 months post-inoculation [ 5 , 13 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Although through the histological sections and immunohistochemical techniques we demonstrated the invasion of the trophozoites of A. castellanii in the skin, it was not possible to show the process in greater detail, however, we propose that these protozoa carry out mechanisms similar to those described by transmission and scanning electron microscopy in previous studies with the same strain interacting with other target tissues such as the cornea and the CNS [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 36 ]. It is possible to suggest a sequence of events that start with the adhesion of the trophozoites [ 37 ], migration towards the cell junctions of the target cells and invasion through a paracellular route, playing an important role in the detached cells phagocytic processes, which together alter tissue architecture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Morphological Description of the Early Events during the Invasion of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites in a Murine Model of Skin Irradiated under UV-B Light

et al. 2020

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Skin infections have been associated with Acanthamoeba, nevertheless the events during skin invasion and UV-B light effects on it are unknown. The early morphological events of Acanthamoeba castellanii skin invasion are shown in SKH-1 mice that were chronically UV-B light irradiated. Mice that developed skin lesions (group 1) were topical and intradermally inoculated with A. castellanii trophozoites and sacrificed 48 h or 18 days later. Mice that showed no skin lesions (group 2) were intradermally inoculated and sacrificed 24, 48 or 72 h later. Mice ventral areas were considered controls with and without trophozoites intradermally inoculated. Skin samples were processed by histological and immunohistochemistry techniques. In group 1, trophozoites were immunolocalized in dermal areas, hair cysts, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels, and collagen degradation was observed. One of these mice shown trophozoites in the spleen, liver, and brain. In group 2, few trophozoites nearby collagenolytic activity zones were observed. In control samples, nor histological damage and no trophozoites were observed. Adherence and collagenolytic activity by A. castellanii were corroborated in vitro. We can infer that UV-B light irradiated skin could favor A. castellanii invasiveness causing damage in sites as far away as the brain, confirming the invasive capacity and pathogenic potential of these amphizoic amoebae.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Morphological Description of the Early Events during the Invasion of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites in a Murine Model of Skin Irradiated under UV-B Light

et al. 2020

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“…Interestingly, diabetic patients who were treated with metformin had less P. falciparum infections compared to untreated patients ( 276 ). Omaña-Molina et al have shown that in a mouse model of T2DM the animals have an increased susceptibility to granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) caused by trophozoites of Acanthamoeba culbertsoni ( 284 ). The possible reasons for the increased risk of diabetics for parasitic infections are metabolic abnormalities and immune dysregulation.…”

Section: Effects Of T2dm On the Susceptibility Of Patients To Infectimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System

et al. 2020

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Metabolic abnormalities such as dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, or insulin resistance and obesity play key roles in the induction and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The field of immunometabolism implies a bidirectional link between the immune system and metabolism, in which inflammation plays an essential role in the promotion of metabolic abnormalities (e.g., obesity and T2DM), and metabolic factors, in turn, regulate immune cell functions. Obesity as the main inducer of a systemic low-level inflammation is a main susceptibility factor for T2DM. Obesity-related immune cell infiltration, inflammation, and increased oxidative stress promote metabolic impairments in the insulin-sensitive tissues and finally, insulin resistance, organ failure, and premature aging occur. Hyperglycemia and the subsequent inflammation are the main causes of micro-and macroangiopathies in the circulatory system. They also promote the gut microbiota dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and fatty liver disease. The impaired immune system together with metabolic imbalance also increases the susceptibility of patients to several pathogenic agents such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, the need for a proper immunization protocol among such patients is granted. The focus of the current review is to explore metabolic and immunological abnormalities affecting several organs of T2DM patients and explain the mechanisms, whereby diabetic patients become more susceptible to infectious diseases.

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“…The primary Acanthamoeba site of infection can be the respiratory tract, were amoebae reach the olfactory neuroepithelium, leading to interactions with the blood–brain barrier and, finally, CNS invasion [ 2 , 5 , 6 ]. Moreover, through in vivo experimental models, blood flow dissemination of amoebae inoculated in the peritoneum [ 7 ] or intranasal route of healthy [ 4 ] and diabetic mice [ 8 ] has been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schwann Cell Autophagy and Necrosis as Mechanisms of Cell Death by Acanthamoeba

et al. 2020

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Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are etiological agents of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). Recently, through an in vivo GAE model, Acanthamoeba trophozoites were immunolocalized in contact with the peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells—Schwann cells (SC). In this study, we analyzed in greater detail the in vitro early morphological events (1, 2, 3, and 4 h) during the interaction of A. culbertsoni trophozoites (ATCC 30171) with SC from Rattus norvegicus (ATCC CRL-2941). Samples were processed for scanning and transmission electron microscopy as well as confocal microscopy. After 1 h of interaction, amoebae were observed to be adhered to the SC cultures, emitting sucker-like structures associated with micro-phagocytic channels. In addition, evidence of necrosis was identified since edematous organelles as well as multivesicular and multilamellar bodies characteristics of autophagy were detected. At 2 h, trophozoites migrated beneath the SC culture in which necrosis and autophagy persisted. By 3 and 4 h, extensive lytic zones were observed. SC necrosis was confirmed by confocal microscopy. We reported for the first time the induction of autophagic and necrotic processes in PNS cells, associated in part with the contact-dependent pathogenic mechanisms of A. culbertsoni trophozoites.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus BALB/c mice are more susceptible to granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: Immunohistochemical study

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

Morphological Description of the Early Events during the Invasion of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites in a Murine Model of Skin Irradiated under UV-B Light

Morphological Description of the Early Events during the Invasion of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites in a Murine Model of Skin Irradiated under UV-B Light

The Effects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Organ Metabolism and the Immune System

Schwann Cell Autophagy and Necrosis as Mechanisms of Cell Death by Acanthamoeba

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