Type and Toxicity of Pesticides Sold for Community Vector Control Use in the Gambia

Murphy, Mary; Sanderson, Wayne T.; Birch, M. Eileen; Liang, Fang-Hui; Sanyang, Edrisa; Canteh, M.; Cook, Thomas M.; Murphy, S. C.

doi:10.1155/2012/387603

Cited by 16 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Although its use in certain applications has been restricted in several countries, producers easily find market in most of the developing and non-developing countries. Low economic price and easy access make public choose chlorpyrifos over the other pesticides (Panuwet et al 2009;Lu 2011;MunozQuezada et al 2012;Murphy et al 2012;Phung et al 2012). It was reported as one among the most commonly used organophosphate pesticide in the USA in 2007, with an estimated 7-9 million pounds applied (Grube et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorpyrifos: pollution and remediation

2015

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The widespread use of pesticides in modern agriculture is of increasing concern due to environmental contamination and subsequent biodiversity loss. Chlorpyrifos is a toxic organophosphate pesticide. Repeated applications of chlorpyrifos modify the soil microbial community structure and pose potential health risks to the other nontargets. Chlorpyrifos has been reported as the second most commonly detected pesticide in food and water. Extensive use of chlorpyrifos in agriculture and persistence in the environment have raised public concern and demand for safe technologies to overcome the pollution and toxicity problems. Here, we review pollution and toxicity issues associated with chlorpyrifos use and discuss strategies to solve pesticide contamination. Chlorpyrifos, previously shown to be resistant to enhanced degradation, has now been proved to undergo enhanced microbe-mediated decay. Here, special emphasis is given to degradation methods such as ozonation, Fenton treatment, photodegradation, and advanced oxidation processes along with microbial degradation. Finally, we focus on degradation process at enzyme and molecular levels which will enable us to elucidate the exact degradative pathway involved in biodegradation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorpyrifos: pollution and remediation

2015

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“…Pesticide detections in the present investigation could be compared with three other studies (figure 4): Jepson et al [6] administered surveys to village farmers in five West Africa countries in 2007 and 2010; Murphy et al [28] analysed vector control pesticides collected from markets in the Gambia in 2005; and Anderson et al [9] deployed passive samplers in water near agriculture in five West Africa countries. Isomers, degradation products and metabolites are combined to better enable comparisons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…esfenvalerate, bifenthrin and DDT and its breakdown products. We also include a comparison with Murphy et al [28] as the best available analysis of pesticides in the regional markets. Active ingredients identified in [28] are intended for vector control, rather than a focus on agricultural pesticides as in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also include a comparison with Murphy et al [28] as the best available analysis of pesticides in the regional markets. Active ingredients identified in [28] are intended for vector control, rather than a focus on agricultural pesticides as in this study. However, the vector control pesticides were purchased in an informal market, and therefore represent what may be available for purchase by village farmers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the vector control pesticides were purchased in an informal market, and therefore represent what may be available for purchase by village farmers. Murphy et al [28] were unlikely to be hampered by analytical detection limits because they were analysing a packaged product, whereas compounds sequestered in the wristband have been subjected to varying degrees of dilution and degradation. Finally, a small percentage of collected samples were not identifiable in the GC/MS analysis used by Murphy et al [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Silicone wristbands detect individuals' pesticide exposures in West Africa

et al. 2016

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We detected between 2 and 10 pesticides per person with novel sampling devices worn by 35 participants who were actively engaged in farming in Diender, Senegal. Participants were recruited to wear silicone wristbands for each of two separate periods of up to 5 days. Pesticide exposure profiles were highly individualized with only limited associations with demographic data. Using a 63-pesticide dual-column gas chromatography–electron capture detector (GC-ECD) method, we detected pyrethoid insecticides most frequently, followed by organophosphate pesticides which have been linked to adverse health outcomes. This work provides the first report of individualized exposure profiles among smallholder farmers in West Africa, where logistical and practical constraints have prevented the use of more traditional approaches to exposure assessment in the past. The wristbands and associated analytical method enabled detection of a broad range of agricultural, domestic, legacy and current-use pesticides, including esfenvalerate, cypermethrin, lindane, DDT and chlorpyrifos. Participants reported the use of 13 pesticide active ingredients while wearing wristbands. All six of the pesticides that were both reportedly used and included in the analytical method were detected in at least one wristband. An additional 19 pesticide compounds were detected beyond those that were reported to be in use, highlighting the importance of measuring exposure in addition to collecting surveys and self-reported use records. The wristband method is a candidate for more widespread use in pesticide exposure and health monitoring, and in the development of evidence-based policies for human health protection in an area where food security concerns are likely to intensify agricultural production and pesticide use in the near future.

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Environmental and occupational health needs assessment in West Africa: opportunities for research and training

Sanyang

Butler-Dawson

Mikulski

et al. 2016

Int J Public Health

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Objectives Data are lacking on environmental and occupational health risks and resources available for the prevention of related diseases in the West African subregion. Methods A needs assessment survey was conducted to identify environmental and occupational health concerns, and needs and strategies for skills training in the region. The survey was followed by a consensus-building workshop to discuss research and training priorities with representatives from countries participating in the study. Results Two hundred and two respondents from 12 countries participated in the survey. Vector-borne diseases, solid waste, deforestation, surface and ground water contamination together with work-related stress, occupational injury and pesticide toxicity were ranked as top environmental and occupational health priorities, respectively, in the region. Top training priorities included occupational health, environmental toxicology and analytic laboratory techniques with semester-long Africa-based courses as the preferred type of training for the majority of the courses. Major differences were found between the subregion’s three official language groups, both in perceived health risks and training courses needed. Conclusions The study results have implications for regional policies and practice in the area of environmental and occupational health research and training.

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Type and Toxicity of Pesticides Sold for Community Vector Control Use in the Gambia

Cited by 16 publications

References 8 publications

Chlorpyrifos: pollution and remediation

Chlorpyrifos: pollution and remediation

Silicone wristbands detect individuals' pesticide exposures in West Africa

Environmental and occupational health needs assessment in West Africa: opportunities for research and training

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