Type distributions of precipitation at selected stations in Illinois

Hiser, H. W.

doi:10.1029/tr037i004p00421

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In the summer of 1971 the frequency of occurrence of precipitation in the moderately disturbed (squall) mode, 35%, is somewhat greater than the regional average of 25% reported by Hiser [ 1956]. In 58% of the rainfall cases associated with the undisturbed (air mass) mode an urban enhancement effect was discernible, whereas when the atmosphere evidenced synopticscale disturbances, only 25% of rainfall occurrences could be ascribed to urban effects.…”

Section: Moisture Fields Clouds and Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 78%

The structure of Heat Islands

Garstang¹,

Tyson²,

Emmitt³

1975

Reviews of Geophysics

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Cities as well as ocean islands create mesoscale circulations in the atmosphere on a horizontal scale closely related to the size of the city or island. Contrast in albedo, heat capacity, and hence heating and cooling rates, heat generation, and surface roughness between the ‘island’ and its more uniform surroundings results in the generation of localized weather processes. Ocean islands, which may be simple in relief, free of pollution, and embedded in a uniform surface ocean temperature field, provide an excellent contrast to cities, which may be situated in complex topography and generate heat and pollution. The juxtaposition of the ocean and city islands is used to compare and contrast the induced atmospheric fields and the observed behavior of the atmosphere. The observed fields are then presented in terms of various numerical models. The simpler conditions prevailing over an ocean heat island lead to a more nearly complete three‐dimensional delineation of the thermodynamic and kinematic fields. These data for the ocean islands demonstrate significant deficiencies in the counterpart descriptions that exist for the atmosphere over the city. Complexities of modeling increase over both ocean and city heat islands as velocity fields change from zero to flow with strong vertical shear of the horizontal wind. Steady state models fare poorly under these conditions, whereas models that have attempted to account for the vertical redistribution of the horizontal momentum field show promise.

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Section: Moisture Fields Clouds and Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 78%

The structure of Heat Islands

Garstang¹,

Tyson²,

Emmitt³

1975

Reviews of Geophysics

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“…A previous study [12] of the average amount of precipitation associated with various synoptic types has shown that during an average year Chicago receives at least 50 per cent more cold air mass precipitation than do Moline, Springfield, and Cairo, Illinois. Furthermore, 64 per cent of this additional cold-air-mass precipitation received at Chicago occurs in the autumn and early winter.…”

Section: Transition Seasonmentioning

confidence: 93%

Precipitation Contrasts Between the Chicago Urban Area and an Offshore Station in Southern Lake Michigan

Changnon

1961

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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Collection of precipitation in a raingage located in Lake Michigan near Chicago over an 11-yr period has permitted a study of the average monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation received off the^ southwestern shore of the lake. These values are compared with average precipitation occurring in the Chicago urban area and with amounts from other nearby rural and shore stations. From these comparisons, the effects of lake and urban influences on the precipitation pattern are evaluated. The results of this study compare favorably with results from similar lake-precipitation studies performed by the Corps of Engineers. The precipitation data from this station in the lake indicate that precipitation over southern Lake Michigan may be considerably less than previously estimated from data of stations along the shore. The effect of precipitation on lake levels may be better evaluated now that additional information on lake precipitation is available.

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“…Fiering and Jackson [1971 ] recognized the existence of bimodal probability distributions (two distribution proposed in this paper is a typical one) in addition to unimodal distributions such as normal, log normal, or gamma. Bimodal or multimodal flow distributions could occur because of (1) storms of various types having their own distributions [Essenwanger, 1960;Hiser, 1956]…”

Section: Sequential Streamflow Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two‐distribution method for modeling and sequential generation of monthly streamflows

Singh¹,

Lonnquist²

1974

Water Resources Research

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Distributions of observed monthly streamflows at many gaging stations exhibit slight, moderate, or sharp reverse curvatures that cannot be accommodated by the commonly used classical distributions such as the normal and gamma (Pearson type 3) distributions applied to flows or their logarithms. The two distribution, essentially a bimodal distribution, fits most of these observed distributions very well. Herein is presented a unique and versatile method for modeling and sequential generation of monthly streamflows. In order to assure the normality of the multivariate distribution of variables representing monthly flows the flows or their logarithms are converted to standardized normal deviates by suitable transforms. The distributions of monthly streamflows generated by the two-distribution method fit best the observed flow distributions. Annual flows obtained by summing generated monthly flows fit the observed annual flows very well. The use of the two-distribution method can obviate arbitrary adjustments in generated monthly flows to bring the annual flows obtained from them in line with observed annual flows.A historical hydrologic sequence or data series is a chance event that may never occur again in the same way. The single response obtained with this sequence is unlike!y*to be a satisfactory representation of future response of a system under consideration. A set of system responses can be obtained from simulated hydrologic sequences called synthetic sequences [Fiering, !966]. A number of these sequences of any desired length can be sequentially generated to aid in decision making with respect to system design, operation, and performance. These synthetic sequences must resemble the historical sequence in terms of certain properties that characterize the historical sequence [Matalas, 1967].An inspection of monthly flows of various streams and rivers indicates a tendency for high flows to follow high flows and low flows to follow low flows. This tendency is designated as hydrologic persistence and is attributed to storage processes in the atmosphere and/or in the drainage basin. Persistence is described by the correlations between various months of the year. Usually, the correlation between two consecutive monthly series is taken to be a measure of persistence. This assumption implies that the sequence is generated by a first-order Markov process.Stochastic models of streamflow generation are becoming more popular as a tool in hydrologic planning and design. A stochastic model is predicated to preserve meaningful statistical properties of a historical record in equally likely generated sequences that can be used to give a broad spectrum of response of the system under consideration. Thomas and Fiering [1962] presented a mathematical model for the sequential generation of nonhistorical monthly streamflows x. This model was formulated as a recursion relation of the type x,.i = •', q-b,(x•_•.i --.•_•) q-t•.is,(1 --ri2) ø'• (1) i= 2,3,-.-,12 and x,.• = •.• + b,(x•.•_• -5:•) + t•,•s• (1 -r,•) ø'• (2) in which subsc...

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Type distributions of precipitation at selected stations in Illinois

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

The structure of Heat Islands

The structure of Heat Islands

Precipitation Contrasts Between the Chicago Urban Area and an Offshore Station in Southern Lake Michigan

Two‐distribution method for modeling and sequential generation of monthly streamflows

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