Type I and II Cytokine Superfamilies in Inflammatory Responses

Cytokine Profiling Plays a Crucial Role in Activating Immune System to Clear Infectious Pathogens

“…IL-2, -4, -7, -9, -13, -15, and -21 have in common the γ chain (also known as IL2Rγ or CD132) for activation of JAK1/JAK3 and downstream STAT 1-5. While IL-3, -5, and GM-CSF share the common β chain (CSF2RB/CD131) for activation of the JAK/STAT pathway through interactions with JAK2 [3,27], α chains do not activate signaling pathways but increase the binding affinity between the cytokine and β and γ subunit [3,28], helping receptor specificity for gene expression [27]. While the receptor is more complex, there is more affinity of the cytokines of the receptor, which increases the signaling [27,29].…”

“…Phosphorylating tyrosine residues in JAKs, which lead to signaling to STAT5, prolonging and increasing its effect unlike the intermediate affinity [30]. Among the main functions of this cytokine family are the growth and differentiation of precursor leukocytes, as well as being modulators and initiators of the inflammatory response [3,27].…”

“…The type II superfamily is composed of the subfamilies of interferons (IFNs) and IL-10. IFN family has the characteristic of inducing antiviral response in both hematopoietic and structural cells, serving as an essential mediator of cross talk between the immune system and host physiology during viral infections [3,29]. This family is divided into three types INFs families: types I, II, and III.…”

“…These IFNs have signaling pathways through JAK1 and TYK2 to phosphorylate STAT1 and S TAT 2 [29,31]. These IFNs have a powerful proinflammatory effect and an antiviral response in immune and nonhematopoietic cells, as well as they can synergize with type II interferon (i.e., IFNγ) to potentiate Th1 lineage commitment by T-helper cells and cytotoxic activity by CD8 + cells [3].…”

“…Cytokines can act on their target cells in an autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine fashion to induce systemic and/or localized immune responses. In addition, cytokines have pleiotropic activity, that is, they act on different target cells, as well as affect the function of other cytokines in an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic manner [2,3]. Cytokines can be secreted by immune cells, but they can also be produced by a wide variety of cells in response to infection or can be produced or released from cells in response to cellular damage when cellular integrity is compromised.…”