Type II superconductors are 70 years old

Disorder Modifications of the Critical Temperature for Superconductivity: A Perspective from the Point of View of Nanoscience

“…It is interesting that with some slight modifications, the strong case for the T c expression is similar to the weak form, which is treated herein. See [Bautolf, 2016] for a recent discussion of this and other topics in superconductivity, such as Ginzburg-Landau theory, the two fluid model of Gorter and Casimir, type-II superconductivity with vortices -including work by [Abrikosov, 2004], [Karnaukhov and Shepelev, 2008], and the London theory; [Tinkham, 1980], [Schrieffer, 1964] for details on the microscopic approach, as well as [Abrikovsov, Gorkov, and Dzyaloshinski, 1963], [Abrikovsov, Gorkov, and Dzyaloshinski, 1965] and [Abrikovsov and Gorkov, 1959a] (electrodynamics using a Matsubara thermodynamic approach for δ, relationship between j and A [i.e., Q hitting A], and penetration depth δ), [Abrikovsov and Gorkov, 1959b] (obtains T = 0 electrodynamics equations, with introduction of the A photonic field Green's function D and the system fermions Green's functions G and F, again finding Q and δ), [Abrikovsov and Gorkov, 1961] (magnetic type impurities are expected to break the time reversal symmetry of the Cooper pairs, so although this is interesting work, our intent in here is to use materials which do not intentionally have such symmetry breaking.). For a review of localized impurity states, see [Balatsky, Vekhter and Zhu, 2006].…”

The Discovery of Type II Superconductors (Shubnikov Phase)

“…The theory of Type II superconductors has been expounded in detail over the past 45 years in scores of reviews and monographs on superconductivity, the experimental side of the discovery of these superconductors, as far as the author knows, having been discussed only fragmentarily either at the early stages of the research (Burton, 1934;Wilson, 1937;Ruhemann, 1937;Shoenberg, 1938;Jackson, 1940;Burton et al, 1940;Ginzburg, 1946;Mendelssohn, 1946;Shoenberg, 1952) or later on (refer to the authoritative published papers (Mendelssohn, 1964;Mendelssohn, 1966;Goodman, 1966;De Gennes, 1966;Saint-James et al, 1969;Anderson, 1969;Chandrasekhar, 1969;Serin, 1969;Hulm & Matthias, 1980;Hulm et al, 1981;Pippart, 1987;Berlincourt, 1987;Dahl, 1992 1 ;Dew-Hughes, 2001) and also to (Sharma & Sen, 2006;Karnaukhov & Shepelev, 2008, Slezov & Shepelev, 2009). Therefore, the way the real events took place is, quite regrettably, largely hidden from view to many of the International Scientific Community.…”