Type III polyketide synthase is involved in the biosynthesis of protocatechuic acid in Aspergillus niger

Lv, Yangyong; Xiao, Jing; Pan, Li

doi:10.1007/s10529-014-1609-z

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…They also use three or four malonyl‐CoA extenders to produce pyrones (L‐4‐L or L‐5‐L) and broad varieties of straight‐chain (C 4 –C 18 ) acyl‐CoA starters with two malonyl‐CoA extenders to produce triketide pyrones (L‐3‐L). Recently, protocatechuic acid (unknown reaction) was reported as an in vivo product of AnPKS; the discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro products might be due to environmental conditions between the two settings and/or genetic variations between strains. Fungal type III PKSs do not accept ring‐type acyl‐CoAs as starter substrates except for benzoyl‐CoA, which leads to pyrone products (R‐3‐L or R‐4‐L).…”

Section: Experimentally Characterized Type III Pksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type III Polyketide Synthases: Functional Classification and Phylogenomics

2016

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Polyketide synthases (PKSs) catalyze the sequential condensation of simple acetate units to produce a large class of natural products, including pharmacologically valuable compounds. PKSs are classified into three types on the basis of their domain structures; type III PKSs have the simplest domain structure, although their products have various structures and functions. The sequence–function relationship is fundamental for predicting enzyme functions, but it has not been well investigated in type III PKSs to date. Consequently, the current methods for predicting type III PKS functions are still immature in comparison with those that target type I/II PKSs. In this review we summarize the current functional and phylogenomic knowledge about type III PKSs and propose a new classification of their enzymatic reactions. We also discuss possible directions for the development of better computational tools for functional prediction of type III PKS homologues.

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Section: Experimentally Characterized Type III Pksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type III Polyketide Synthases: Functional Classification and Phylogenomics

2016

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“…Aspergillus oryzae can, however, produce csypyrone B1, B2, and B3 and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (Seshime et al 2005 , 2010a , b ; Hashimoto et al 2013 ). Interestingly, Aspergillus niger produces protocatechuic acid, also a type III polyketide (Lv et al 2014 ). Other fungi that can produce type III polyketides are and Botrytis cinerea (Hashimoto et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Secondary Metabolite Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei

Frisvad

Møller

Larsen

et al. 2018

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

256

269

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This review presents an update on the current knowledge of the secondary metabolite potential of the major fungal species used in industrial biotechnology, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. These species have a long history of safe use for enzyme production. Like most microorganisms that exist in a challenging environment in nature, these fungi can produce a large variety and number of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds present several properties that make them attractive for different industrial and medical applications. A description of all known secondary metabolites produced by these species is presented here. Mycotoxins are a very limited group of secondary metabolites that can be produced by fungi and that pose health hazards in humans and other vertebrates when ingested in small amounts. Some mycotoxins are species-specific. Here, we present scientific basis for (1) the definition of mycotoxins including an update on their toxicity and (2) the clarity on misclassification of species and their mycotoxin potential reported in literature, e.g., A. oryzae has been wrongly reported as an aflatoxin producer, due to misclassification of Aspergillus flavus strains. It is therefore of paramount importance to accurately describe the mycotoxins that can potentially be produced by a fungal species that is to be used as a production organism and to ensure that production strains are not capable of producing mycotoxins during enzyme production. This review is intended as a reference paper for authorities, companies, and researchers dealing with secondary metabolite assessment, risk evaluation for food or feed enzyme production, or considerations on the use of these species as production hosts.

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“…However, fungal type III PKSs expressed in a fungal host yield compounds that are different from the recombinant proteins. For example, overexpression of the A. niger type III PKS yields four products only, of which the major one is protocatechuic acid (Lv et al, 2014). The type III PKS SsArs from Sharaia sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Histories of Type III Polyketide Synthases in Fungi

Navarro-Muñoz

Collemare

2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) produce secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities, including antimicrobials. While they have been extensively studied in plants and bacteria, only a handful of type III PKSs from fungi has been characterized in the last 15 years. The exploitation of fungal type III PKSs to produce novel bioactive compounds requires understanding the diversity of these enzymes, as well as of their biosynthetic pathways. Here, phylogenetic and reconciliation analyses of 522 type III PKSs from 1,193 fungal genomes revealed complex evolutionary histories with massive gene duplications and losses, explaining their discontinuous distribution in the fungal tree of life. In addition, horizontal gene transfer events from bacteria to fungi and, to a lower extent, between fungi, could be inferred. Ancestral gene duplication events have resulted in the divergence of eight phylogenetic clades. Especially, two clades show ancestral linkage and functional co-evolution between a type III PKS and a reducing PKS genes. Investigation of the occurrence of protein domains in fungal type III PKS predicted gene clusters highlighted the diversity of biosynthetic pathways, likely reflecting a large chemical landscape. Type III PKS genes are most often located next to genes encoding cytochrome P450s, MFS transporters and transcription factors, defining ancestral core gene clusters. This analysis also allowed predicting gene clusters for the characterized fungal type III PKSs and provides working hypotheses for the elucidation of the full biosynthetic pathways. Altogether, our analyses provide the fundamental knowledge to motivate further characterization and exploitation of fungal type III PKS biosynthetic pathways.

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Type III polyketide synthase is involved in the biosynthesis of protocatechuic acid in Aspergillus niger

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Type III Polyketide Synthases: Functional Classification and Phylogenomics

Type III Polyketide Synthases: Functional Classification and Phylogenomics

Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei

Evolutionary Histories of Type III Polyketide Synthases in Fungi

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