Types of Cluster Sources

Toro, J. A. De; Normile, P. S.; Binns, C.

doi:10.1002/9783527698417.ch3

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…At the very least, it is an efficient and rapid way to find the best structure, size and composition of nanoparticle for a given application, which can then be the goal for a mass manufacturing method. However, for some applications, especially in medicine, where the amount of material needed is small (typically 10 mg for a single patient dose) and has very high added value, the flux of gas-phase sources has improved [3] to the point where they can also be considered for manufacture. For the vast majority of medical applications, nanomaterials must be produced as a hydrosol, but there are now several ways to do this from a highor ultra-high vacuum source.…”

Section: Technological Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These attributes arise from the high proportion of under-coordinated surface atoms [2] and from quantum size effects, both of which vary with cluster dimension. With the advent of methods capable of synthesizing nanoparticles with precisely controlled size [3], including, in some cases, with a specified number of atoms in a particle [4], many interesting discoveries have been made. These include magic numbers of atoms that produce enhanced stability of nanoparticles [4], novel atomic and electronic configurations [5] and the appearance of special magnetic [6][7][8][9][10] and optical [11,12] properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A further advantage, especially with ultra-high vacuum-(UHV-) based sources, is that nanoparticles can be prepared free of oxides, or they can be oxidized with a high degree of control. Traditionally, the main drawback of the technique has been its relatively low yield [3], but more recently, certain designs have led to significantly higher deposition rates [3]. The various gas-phase methods for synthesizing NPs are described in the following section.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas Phase Synthesis of Multi-Element Nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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The advantages of gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles in terms of size control and flexibility in choice of materials is well known. There is increasing interest in synthesizing multi-element nanoparticles in order to optimize their performance in specific applications, and here, the flexibility of material choice is a key advantage. Mixtures of almost any solid materials can be manufactured and in the case of core–shell particles, there is independent control over core size and shell thickness. This review presents different methods of producing multi-element nanoparticles, including the use of multiple targets, alloy targets and in-line deposition methods to coat pre-formed cores. It also discusses the factors that produce alloy, core–shell or Janus morphologies and what is possible or not to synthesize. Some applications of multi-element nanoparticles in medicine will be described.

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Section: Technological Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gas Phase Synthesis of Multi-Element Nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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“…Here a laser hits the metal target rod and ignites a confined plasma of the order of a mm 3 for a very short time, typically several nanoseconds. Next, an inert gas quenches the hot plasma, and the metal vapor condenses into clusters and nanoparticles before rapid cooling by a supersonic expansion . This is a typical example of cluster fabrication by successive steps: metal vapor generation, supersaturation and condensation, and finally, termination of growth through dilution in the molecular beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Cluster Sources on the Growth Mechanisms and Chemical Composition of Bimetallic Nanoparticles

et al. 2023

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Metal nanoparticles are omnipresent in today’s applied and fundamental research. Both wet-chemical as well as physical procedures for their fabrication are well-established, where the latter is of particular interest as they supply surfactant-free particles. Particle growth has been investigated for several decades, but due to its complexity, involving kinetic and dynamic processes on various length and time scales, often only phenomenological rules of thumb are available. In this study, we report on bimetallic AgAu nanoparticles and demonstrate how the additional degree of freedom of the chemical composition can be used to derive information about how and where the particles grow, depending on two different cluster source types (hollow magnetron vs laser vaporization). The chemical composition is quantified on the single-particle level using electron-induced X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and shows significant differences for the two fabrication routes. Based on molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations, we derive that for hollow cylindrical sources both the mean particle size and the chemical composition are determined within the plasma region, where particles not only grow but also evaporate low-boiling silver. The comparably large plasma plays a decisive role here, as opposed to planar magnetron or laser vaporization sources, where no such evaporation is observed. These results shed light into the complex cluster growth and help understanding and optimizing nanoscale fabrication processes.

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“…A variety of clusters and NP sources have been successfully developed. It is worth noting the seeded supersonic cluster source, the laser ablation source [18,19], the pulsed-arc cluster ion source, and pulsed microplasma cluster source [18][19][20]. These sources generally operate with a low pressure gas carrier.…”

Section: Physical Synthesis Of Nps Using a Bottom-up Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low pressure bottom-up synthesis of metal@oxide and oxide nanoparticles: control of structure and functional properties

D’Addato

Spadaro

2018

Phys. Scr.

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The experimental activity on core@shell, metal@oxide and oxide nanoparticles (NP) grown with physical synthesis, and more specifically by low pressure gas aggregation sources (LPGAS) is reviewed, through a selection of examples encompassing some potential application in nanotechnology. After an introduction on applications of NP, a brief description of the main characteristics of the growth process of clusters and NP in the LPGAS is given. Successively, some relevant case studies are reported: • Formation of native oxide shells around the metal cores in core@shell NP. • Experimental efforts to obtain magnetic stabilization in magnetic core@shell NP by controlling their structure and morphology. • Recent advancements in NP source design and new techniques of co-deposition, with relevant results in realization of NP with greater variety of functionalities. • Recent results on reducible oxides NP, with potentialities in nano-catalysis, energy storage and other applications. Although this list is far from being exhaustive, aim of the authors is to give the reader in a descriptive way some glimpse of the physics behind the growth and the studies of low pressure gasphase synthesized NP, with their ever-growing potentialities for a rational design of new functional materials.

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Types of Cluster Sources

Cited by 9 publications

References 109 publications

Gas Phase Synthesis of Multi-Element Nanoparticles

Gas Phase Synthesis of Multi-Element Nanoparticles

Influence of Cluster Sources on the Growth Mechanisms and Chemical Composition of Bimetallic Nanoparticles

Low pressure bottom-up synthesis of metal@oxide and oxide nanoparticles: control of structure and functional properties

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