Types of Oral Contraceptives, Depression, and Premenstrual Symptoms

Kutner, S. Jerome; Brown, Willard L.

doi:10.1097/00006254-197303000-00004

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…There are two broad categories of oral contraceptives: sequential pills attempt to mimic a natural menstrual cycle by varying the estrogen and progesterone concentrations in the daily dose, whereas combination preparations have a constant level of estrogen and progesterone in each pill. Sequential pills were rarely if ever prescribed after 1976, perhaps because women who used them experienced more perimenstrual symptoms than those who used a combination-type pill (92,93).…”

Section: Contraceptive Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Perimenstrual symptoms: prevalence and risk factors.

Logue¹,

Moos²

1986

Psychosomatic Medicine

180

112

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This article provides an overview of information on the prevalence of perimenstrual symptoms. Overall, at least 40% of women experience some cyclical perimenstrual symptoms. Although most women rate their symptoms as mild, approximately 2%-10% report severe symptoms. Prospective studies of perimenstrual symptoms indicate that retrospective reports are reasonably accurate among women who experience moderate to severe symptoms. However, among the majority of women with few or minimal symptoms, retrospective reports may amplify the cyclicity of variation in comparison to concurrent reports. A variety of risk factors are associated with patterns of symptom reporting and may provide clues to the etiology of perimenstrual symptoms and help to identify women most vulnerable to them. A woman's age and cycle characteristics are predictors of the type and severity of perimenstrual symptoms she experiences. In addition, a history of affective illness may be associated with increased reporting of perimenstrual symptoms. Future research should focus on developing new diagnostic criteria for subtypes of perimenstrual syndromes, exploring positive symptoms and experiences associated with the menstrual cycle, and formulating holistic treatment approaches that view perimenstrual syndromes as psychosomatic conditions.

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Section: Contraceptive Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Perimenstrual symptoms: prevalence and risk factors.

Logue¹,

Moos²

1986

Psychosomatic Medicine

180

112

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“…The survivor effect (e.g., Kutner & Brown, 1972) is a potential limitation in any study on OC use without random assignment to groups. Thus, the study is limited in fully demonstrating the effect of OCs on emotional memory because the OC users were surviving self-selected users.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional Memory in Oral Contraceptive Users: Negative Stimuli Are More Forgettable

Person

Oinonen

2019

Psychol Rep

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Recent research suggests oral contraceptive use is associated with altered memory for emotional story information, blunted stress hormone responses to emotional stimuli, and altered structure or function of the amygdala and hippocampus. This study examined the extent to which oral contraceptives influence relative recall of (a) the spatial location of emotional versus neutral stimuli and (b) positive versus negative emotional stimuli. Participants (58 oral contraceptive users, 40 nonusers, and 37 men) completed an Emotional Spatial Memory test and were evaluated on short-term recall and long-term (one week) recall. There was no evidence for group differences in recall of the locations of emotional versus neutral stimuli. However, oral contraceptive users remembered relatively more positive than negative items compared with nonusers and men on the spatial memory test. This effect was driven by oral contraceptive users recalling fewer negative items than free cyclers. The results indicate that hormonal contraceptives may decrease immediate recall of negative emotional stimuli.

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“…Finally, we did not apply a standardised clinical interview, but screened our participants by self-reported medical and psychiatric disorders before inclusion and on the day of assessment itself. Since we did not exclude former OC-users, the NC group may have included women who previously have experienced side effects of OC, which is known as the ‘survivor effect’ (Kutner and Brown, 1972; Oinonen and Mazmanian, 2002; Warren et al, 2014). However, effects of OC-use were observed exclusively in MR-haplotype 1/3 carriers and both researchers and participants were blind to MR genotype, which makes confounding less likely.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%