Types of organic solvents used in small- to medium-scale industries in Japan; a nationwide field survey

Ukai, Hirohiko; Inui, Shunen; Takada, Shiro; Dendo, J.; Ogawa, Jun–ichi; K, Isobe; Ashida, Toshifumi; Tamura, Masanori; Tabuki, Koshiro; Ikeda, Masayuki

doi:10.1007/s004200050233

Cited by 53 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Because more than one solvent was detected in most air samples (noting that the use of a mixture rather than unmixed individual solvent was common [7][8][9][10] ), the additiveness formula 11,12) was applied (including the cases of single solvent use), taking the measured concentration as a numerator and the ministry-defined administrative control level (ACL) 3) There were more than 2,000 employees in 9 enterprises, which are not shown in Fig. 1 [A].…”

Section: Measurement Of Solvent Vapor Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower Vapor Concentrations in Solvent Workplaces in Larger-Scale Enterprises than in Smaller-Scale Enterprises, and Exceptions.

Ukai¹,

Okamoto²,

Takada³

et al. 2004

INDUSTRIAL HEALTH

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between environmental vapor concentrations in organic solvent workplaces and size of enterprises, and to examine if occupational hygiene conditions were better in larger-scale enterprises. For this purpose, a total of 3,567 solvent workplaces were surveyed for environmental solvent vapor concentrations in 1999 to 2002. The results were classified by the size of enterprises (taking the number of employees as an indicator) and by the type of solvent work. It was observed that the vapor concentration in a typical small-scale enterprise was approximately three times as high as that in the large-scale enterprise, although the administrative control levels were not exceeded in general. The proportion of testing and research work (with less use of organic solvents and thus low vapor concentrations) among all solvent workplaces was higher in large-scale enterprises than in small-scale enterprises. The vapor concentrations in this type of workplace did not differ however irrespective of the enterprise size. Further comparison in various types of solvent workplaces disclosed similar size-dependent difference in workplaces for degreasing, cleaning, wiping, printing, and surface coating. In painting and solventdrying work, in contrast, there was no difference in environmental concentration regardless of the size of enterprises, possibly because environmental improvement of this type of workplaces was technically more difficult than others. Thus, it was concluded that large-scale enterprises generally had better control of work environments than small-scale enterprises, with possible exceptions of painting work and solvent-drying work.

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Section: Measurement Of Solvent Vapor Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower Vapor Concentrations in Solvent Workplaces in Larger-Scale Enterprises than in Smaller-Scale Enterprises, and Exceptions.

Ukai¹,

Okamoto²,

Takada³

et al. 2004

INDUSTRIAL HEALTH

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“…United States' production of CCl 4 peaked at 1,200 million pounds in the early 1970s, then decreased steadily and production of CCl 4 was completely banned as of January 1, 2000 2) . The annual production volume of CCl 4 in Japan remained constant at about 50,000 tons from 1975 to 1993, and then declined rapidly 3) . However, a sizable volume of CCl 4 ranging from 60 to 300 tons/yr was still being imported to Japan in the years following 2000 3) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The annual production volume of CCl 4 in Japan remained constant at about 50,000 tons from 1975 to 1993, and then declined rapidly 3) . However, a sizable volume of CCl 4 ranging from 60 to 300 tons/yr was still being imported to Japan in the years following 2000 3) . A nationwide survey in Japan by Ukai et al 4) showed no use of CCl 4 as an organic solvent in small-and mediumscale industries in 1996, except for testing and research purposes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a sizable volume of CCl 4 ranging from 60 to 300 tons/yr was still being imported to Japan in the years following 2000 3) . A nationwide survey in Japan by Ukai et al 4) showed no use of CCl 4 as an organic solvent in small-and mediumscale industries in 1996, except for testing and research purposes. Kauppinen et al 5) reported that CCl 4 is one of the most frequently reported exposures among laboratory workers reported to the Finnish Register of Workers Exposed to Carcinogens.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thirteen‐week Inhalation Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats and Mice

Nagano

Umeda

Saito

et al. 2007

Journal of Occupational Health

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Abstract. Thirteen-week Inhalation Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats andIn the high exposure levels at 270 and 810 ppm, altered cell foci in the livers of both rats and mice, and fibrosis and cirrhosis in the rat liver were observed. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained altered cell foci of rats were recognized as glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci, which are preneoplastic lesions of hepatocarcinogenesis. The most sensitive endpoint of CCl 4 -induced toxicity was fatty change with large droplets in rats of both sexes and male mice, and cytoplasmic globules in male mice, as well as increased relative liver weight in male rats. Those endpoints were manifested at 10 ppm and the LOAEL was determined as 10 ppm for the hepatic endpoints in rats and mice. Enhanced cytolytic release of liver transaminases into plasma in rats and mice and its close association with hepatic collapse in mice were observed at medium and high levels of inhalation exposure. Both CCl 4 -induced hematotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were observed in both rats and mice, but those toxicities were manifested at higher exposure concentrations than hepatotoxicity. The LOAEL for the hepatic endpoint and the GST-Pstained altered cell foci provide relevant animal data for reconsidering the occupational exposure limit value of 5 ppm for CCl 4 and strengthen the evidence of CCl 4 -induced hepatocarcinogenicity which is used in its carcinogenicity classification. (J Occup Health 2007; 49: 249-259)

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“…The methods of sampling (with Tedlar bags) and analyses (by capillary gaschromatography) were as previously detailed elsewhere [1][2][3]6) . Group 3 solvents were not taken into account, as they are natural solvent mixtures and do not fit with the gaschromatographic identification 11,13) .…”

Section: Solvents Analyzed In Workroom Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent Use in Private Research Laboratories in Japan: Comparison with the Use in Public Research Laboratories and on Production Floors in Industries

Hanada

Zaitsu

Kojima

et al. 2014

Journal of Occupational Health

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Types of organic solvents used in small- to medium-scale industries in Japan; a nationwide field survey

Abstract: Toluene remained the most common solvent and was used in combination with xylenes, ethyl acetate, and methanol. There was an increase in the use of dichloromethane as a degreasing agent.

Cited by 53 publications

References 47 publications

Lower Vapor Concentrations in Solvent Workplaces in Larger-Scale Enterprises than in Smaller-Scale Enterprises, and Exceptions.

Lower Vapor Concentrations in Solvent Workplaces in Larger-Scale Enterprises than in Smaller-Scale Enterprises, and Exceptions.

Thirteen‐week Inhalation Toxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats and Mice

Solvent Use in Private Research Laboratories in Japan: Comparison with the Use in Public Research Laboratories and on Production Floors in Industries

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