Typh fevers: a combination of Typhoid and Typhus

Manappallil, Robin George

doi:10.3126/ajms.v8i6.18270

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…(P-value 0.001) During the past century before 1990, the numbers of typhoid fever patients were limited because of good standard of living, but during the 90th Period especially after the Second Gulf War Typhoid fever outbreak disease spread more than threefold between 1996-2000 because of poor sanitation and water supplies, , Poor nutrition and Deterioration of preventive health programmers as a result of economic sanction against the country [16] There were 29,000 cases in 2003 and 5460 in the first quarter of 2004 [17], also the process of disposing weapons of mass destruction, including biological weapons by United Nations inspection teams, may have played a major role in this outbreak of typhoid fever, especially after the Kurdistan Research Centres(Kurdish-British medical and scientific support group) confirmed the presence of typhoid bacteria, even using them in the first Gulf War [18]where Typhoid fever in aerosolized form can be a potential biological weapon, and sources reported that Iraq experimented with typhoid fever as a possible biological weapons agent. [20]. The presentation of both typhoid fever and rickettsial typhus, endemic or epidemic sometimes nearly similar that difficult to differentiate between both diseases so in case of co-infection of typhoid and typhus fever can be overlooked if not suspected clinically.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Article Research Differentiation Between Typhoid and Typhus Fever Infection and Coinfection with Limited Resources in Iraq

Obed

2021

Int. j. res. appl. sci. biotechnol.

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Enteric fever is caused by the Gram-negative bacilli Salmonella typhi and paratyphi, which have similar signs and symptoms to typhus and rickettsial illness. Both typhoid fever and rickettsia typhus, whether endemic or epidemic, have similar presentations, making it difficult to distinguish between the two diseases. As a result, co-infection of typhoid and typhus fever can be ignored if not recognized clinically. Serum was collected from 182 patients from the Suweib and fourth shurta areas who had a temperature of more than 38°C and two or more signs and symptoms of typhoid and typhus, such as headache lasting more than a week, rash, myalgia, arthralgia, and bleeding. Started with widal test slide method All result results confirmed by tube method Same samples investigated for typhus infection by weil-felix tests. Data entered to analyzed by SPSS program. the results were appeared of the 182 patients tested, 58 (18%) yielded results suggested that rickettsial infections or typhoid were the most likely because of their illnesses. patients’ age ranged from 8 to 75 years with mean age 29.10 years. The majority were female and mainly student (41.4%) and housewife (25.9%) by age and sex for the 58 patients for whom data were recorded. Age groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.5). The frequency of disease was 69% in female patients and 31% in male patients (p < 0.005). Finally, can Concluded Both widal and weil-felix test should done specially if no responses to typhoid treatment and depend on trial therapy by adding doxycycline in case that more sensitive and accurate tests are not available.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Article Research Differentiation Between Typhoid and Typhus Fever Infection and Coinfection with Limited Resources in Iraq

Obed

2021

Int. j. res. appl. sci. biotechnol.

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“…There are a few case reports on scrub typhus and enteric fever co-infection using Weil-Felix test and Widal, respectively. [21222324] Gupta et al . conducted a study in which 10 out of 258 serum samples of patients with acute febrile illness were positive for both scrub typhus and leptospirosis by IgM ELISA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological evidence of human leptospirosis in patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness from Uttarakhand, India: A pilot study

et al. 2019

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CONTEXT: To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of serological evidence of human leptospirosis from Uttarakhand state in India. AIMS: The aim of this study was to screen for serological evidence of leptospirosis in patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Uttarakhand. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A pilot study was conducted from March to November 2017. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty-three adult patients who presented in Medicine outpatient Department with a history of fever of ≥7 up to 14 days duration with or without other associated symptoms such as a headache, rashes, myalgia, arthralgia, and conjunctival suffusion were enrolled in the study using convenience sampling technique. Blood samples of these patients were collected and subjected to peripheral smear examination for malaria parasites, dengue immunoglobulin M (IgM) immunochromatographic card test, IgM Typhidot, Leptospira and Scrub typhus IgM ELISA, respectively. Aerobic blood culture was performed in 24 cases. Relevant clinico-epidemiological details were obtained as per the pro forma formulated in accordance with the modified Faine’s criteria. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 50.94% of males and 49.06% of females with a mean age ± standard deviation of 34.2 ± 15.2 years. Fifty febrile patients had additional symptoms of which myalgia was the most common (81.1%) followed by arthralgia (22.6%). Peripheral smears of all patients were negative for malaria parasites. Dengue and Typhidot IgM positivity was observed in two and eight patients, respectively. Six and five patients were tested positive by leptospira and scrub typhus IgM ELISA, respectively. Salmonella Typhi was isolated from blood sample of only one patient. Serum samples of two patients showed dual positivity. All six leptospira seropositive patients satisfied modified Faine’s criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Leptospirosis is a seemingly unexplored infection in Uttarakhand and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness.

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“…1,2 Epidemic typhus may be misdiagnosed as typhoid fever. 1,3 Rickettsia is emerging in this subcontinent as a cause of clinically nonspecific febrile illness. 4 Rickettsia prowazekii causes epidemic typhus in which the vector is body louse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Typhus Fever- A Diagnosis Often Missed as A Cause of Fever.

Hasnat,

Mutanabbi,

Noman

et al. 2024

Bangladesh J Child Health

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Background: In tropical countries epidemic and endemic typhus are sometimes missdiagnosed as typhoid fever. Typhus infection is emerging in the subcontinent and clinically presents as nonspecific febrile illness. So high index of clinical suspicion is essential and the objective of the study was to detect typhus infection as a cause of febrile illness. Materials &Method: This is a prospective observational study done from January to December 2019. A total 50 patients of different age groups were taken randomly who were suffering from fever for more than 7 days. All relevant investigations including CBC, Dengue serological test, Widal test, urine routine examination and C/S, blood C/S, chest x-ray were done. Patients not responding to conventional antibiotic therapy and having persistent fever were further investigated for typhus fever with Weil-Felix test. Results: Out of 50 patients 35 were male; age range was 2 to 12 years. Mean duration of fever was 10 days. Blood for CBC showed nonspecific findings, Blood culture and urine for c/s were negative for bacterial growth, dengue serological tests were negative, chest x-ray were normal (except 2 patients had pneumonia). Weil-Felix tests were positive in all cases. 12 cases were positive for both Widal test and Weil-Felix test and in 8 cases blood c/s were also positive with Weil-Felix test. Treatment changed to Doxycycline or Azithromycin in cases of typhus fever. Conclusion: Typhus fever should be taken into account in the management of febrile illness who were admitted without a confirmed cause of fever. BANGLADESH J CHILD HEALTH 2022; VOL 46 (2) : 54-57

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Typh fevers: a combination of Typhoid and Typhus

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Article Research Differentiation Between Typhoid and Typhus Fever Infection and Coinfection with Limited Resources in Iraq

Article Research Differentiation Between Typhoid and Typhus Fever Infection and Coinfection with Limited Resources in Iraq

Serological evidence of human leptospirosis in patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness from Uttarakhand, India: A pilot study

Typhus Fever- A Diagnosis Often Missed as A Cause of Fever.

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