Typhoid Fever as a Challenge for Developing Countries and Elusive Diagnostic Approaches Available for the Enteric Fever

Bharmoria, Arti

doi:10.15226/2473-2176/2/2/00118

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(157 reference statements)

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“…They are mainly spread in environment from excreta (Delahoy et al, 2018). The genus Salmonella has two distinct species (Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori) and includes over 2,500 known serotypes, which are considered potential human pathogens (Bharmoria et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from vegetables salads and ready to eat raw mixed vegetable salads in Abidjan, Cte dIvoire

Toe¹,

Paul²,

Aboya³

et al. 2022

J. Microbiol. Antimicrob.

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Raw vegetables have been linked to many outbreaks of Salmonella foodborne; however there is few data on the presence of this bacteria in raw vegetables in Côte d'Ivoire. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, diversity and antibiotic resistance level of Salmonella strains in vegetables salads and ready-to-eat raw mixed vegetable salads in Abidjan. From a total of 552 samples, Salmonella strains were biochemically and molecularly identified by detection of the 16S rRNA gene and serotyping with specific antisera. The antibiotic resistance level was phenotypically determined by disc diffusion method and the presence of the gene encoding for resistance was determined by PCR. The prevalence of Salmonella spp in vegetables salads and ready-to-eat raw mixed vegetable salads was 8.54 and 2.61%, respectively. The serotypes identified were S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. selby, S. hadar, S. typhy, S. paratyphi C and S. adamstown. It was observed that there were non-resistant (tetracycline and streptomycin) and multiresistant (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) strains. Genes, such as tetA, tetB, aaa [3] -IV and QnrA were highlighted at different proportion. Vegetable's salads and ready-to-eat raw mixed vegetable salads in Abidjan contain various serotypes of Salmonella spp. displaying resistant to antibiotics and harboring the genes encoding for resistance. It is important to make subsequent risk control to evaluate and prevent possible food poisoning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from vegetables salads and ready to eat raw mixed vegetable salads in Abidjan, Cte dIvoire

Toe¹,

Paul²,

Aboya³

et al. 2022

J. Microbiol. Antimicrob.

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“…In many developing countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, the true burden of enteric fever is difficult to estimate due to the limited diagnostic resources and proper surveillance tools result in poor characterization of the burden of enteric fever [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among febrile patients at Adare general hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia

2021

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Background Salmonellas enterica serovar Typhi (S.typhi) causes typhoid fever and is a global health problem, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. But there is a little information about prevalence and factors association with S.typhi and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Ethiopia especially in the study area. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S.typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patient with a febrile illness at Adare General Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. Methods Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 422 febrile patients from May 23, 2018 to October 20, 2018. A 5 ml venous blood was collected from each febrile patient. Culture and biochemical test were performed for each isolate. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for each isolate using modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques. Result In this study, the prevalence of S.typhi among febrile illness patients at Adare General Hospital was 1.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5–2.9]. The age of the study subjects were ranged from 15 to 65 years (mean age 32 years). It was observed that participants who came from rural area had 8 times (AOR 8.27: 95% CI: 1.33, 51.55) more likely to had S. typhi infection when compared with urban dwellers. The microbial susceptibility testing revealed that all six of S.typhi isolates showed sensitive to Ceftriaxone and all 6 isolates showed resistant to nalidixic acid and Cefotaxime and 5(83.3%) susceptible to Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxaciline. Multidrug resistance (resistance to three or more antibiotics) was observed among most of the isolates. Conclusion S. typhi bacteraemia is an uncommon but important cause of febrile illness in our study population. Ceftriaxone therapy is a suitable empirical antibiotic for those that are unwell and suspected of having this illness. Further surveillance is required to monitor possible hanging antibiotic resistant patterns in Ethiopia.

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“…Although feces and urine are commonly used samples, it has been reported that S. enterica could be isolated from only about 30% of feces, and less than 1% of urine samples in patients with typhoid fever [ 32 ]. While the culture of duodenal bile samples has shown similar sensitivity as that reported for blood samples, the procedure of sample collection is difficult to tolerate, especially for young children and those with severe disease [ 40 ].…”

Section: Laboratory Diagnostic Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Diagnosis of Paratyphoid Fever: Opportunity of Surface Plasmon Resonance

Alhaj-Qasem¹,

Al-Hatamleh

Irekeola

et al. 2020

Diagnostics

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Paratyphoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi (A, B and C), and contributes significantly to global disease burden. One of the major challenges in the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever is the lack of a proper gold standard. Given the absence of a licensed vaccine against S. Paratyphi, this diagnostic gap leads to inappropriate antibiotics use, thus, enhancing antimicrobial resistance. In addition, the symptoms of paratyphoid overlap with other infections, including the closely related typhoid fever. Since the development and utilization of a standard, sensitive, and accurate diagnostic method is essential in controlling any disease, this review discusses a new promising approach to aid the diagnosis of paratyphoid fever. This advocated approach is based on the use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor and DNA probes to detect specific nucleic acid sequences of S. Paratyphi. We believe that this SPR-based genoassay can be a potent alternative to the current conventional diagnostic methods, and could become a rapid diagnostic tool for paratyphoid fever.

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Typhoid Fever as a Challenge for Developing Countries and Elusive Diagnostic Approaches Available for the Enteric Fever

Cited by 13 publications

References 111 publications

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from vegetables salads and ready to eat raw mixed vegetable salads in Abidjan, Cte dIvoire

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolated from vegetables salads and ready to eat raw mixed vegetable salads in Abidjan, Cte dIvoire

Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among febrile patients at Adare general hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia

Laboratory Diagnosis of Paratyphoid Fever: Opportunity of Surface Plasmon Resonance

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