Typhus Fever: A Virus of the Typhus Type Derived from Fleas Collected from Wild Rats

Dyer, R. E.; Rumreich, A.; Badger, T. F.

doi:10.2307/4579944

Cited by 52 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Using suspensions of the fleas (X. cheopis and Ceratophyllus (now Nosopsyllus) fasciatus) obtained from these rats, Dyer, Rumreich, and Badger then successfully transmitted the pathogen of FBT to guinea pigs. Thus, they had identified both the vector and the reservoir of FBT [40,104]. The FBT organism was also recovered from fleas (X. cheopis and L. segnis) taken from rats trapped at an FBT focus in Savannah, GA [105].…”

Section: The Epidemiology and Ecology Of Flea-borne Typhus Is Deducedmentioning

confidence: 99%

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

Anstead

2020

TropicalMed

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Flea-borne typhus, due to Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, is an infection causing fever, headache, rash, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, and diverse organ manifestations. Although most cases are self-limited, 26%-28% have complications and up to one-third require intensive care. Flea-borne typhus was recognized as an illness similar to epidemic typhus, but having a milder course, in the Southeastern United States and TX from 1913 into the 1920s. Kenneth Maxcy of the US Public Health Service (USPHS) first described the illness in detail and proposed a rodent reservoir and an arthropod vector. Other investigators of the USPHS (

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Section: The Epidemiology and Ecology Of Flea-borne Typhus Is Deducedmentioning

confidence: 99%

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

Anstead

2020

TropicalMed

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“…Environmental risk factors that may interplay with the internal biological processes were thus sought [34]. Season of birth has been suggested as a potential factor since seasonal variation patterns have long been identified as agents involved in a variety of medical conditions [35,36], including neuropsychiatric disorders [31,32,[37][38][39]. Explanations for a possible seasonality effect include a number of environmental pathogenic influences such as nutritional variations, obstetrical and perinatal complications, viral or other infections, toxins, and temperature fluctuations [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronomics of autism and suicide

Halberg

Cornélissen

Panksepp

et al. 2005

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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We examine whether autism may be influenced by non-photic environmental factors, among others, in a California database consisting of the number of cases added quarterly to the system between 1993 and 2004. Instead of a precise calendar (1.0)-year-long spectral component, we detect unseen primarily helio-and geomagnetic signatures, including a newly discovered near-transyear of 1.09-year length. In this case, it overrides any undetected seasonal effects, the topic of much previous unrewarding research, also analyzed herein without overcoming the limitation by stacking. Since we could not get additional data on autism, data on suicides, the final "detachment" and failure to bond, were also analyzed, again revealing a spectrum of non-photic signatures. What we do not see and do not anticipate can exist and can override the seasons, as resolved time-microscopically by chronomics, the study of chronomes (time structures). Just as spatial microscopy and electron microscopy resolved infectious agents, so does microscopy in time resolve the signature of environmental agents in human behavior in health and disease.

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“…(Dyer et al, 1931; Zinsser and Castaneda, 1933). Until nearly two decades ago, only five species of SFG rickettsiae (SFGR), R. rickettsii , R. conorii , R. sibilica , R. australis , and R. akari , which are responsible for Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Wolbach, 1919), Mediterranean spotted fever or Boutonneuse fever (Brumpt, 1932), North Asian tick typhus or Siberian tick typhus (Shmatikov and Velik, 1939), Queensland tick typhus (Plotz et al, 1946), and Rickettsialpox (Huebner et al, 1946), respectively, were known to be pathogenic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tropism and Pathogenicity of Rickettsiae

Uchiyama¹

2012

Front. Microbio.

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Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular parasitic bacteria that cause febrile exanthematous illnesses such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, epidemic, and murine typhus, etc. Although the vector ranges of each Rickettsia species are rather restricted; i.e., ticks belonging to Arachnida and lice and fleas belonging to Insecta usually act as vectors for spotted fever group (SFG) and typhus group (TG) rickettsiae, respectively, it would be interesting to elucidate the mechanisms controlling the vector tropism of rickettsiae. This review discusses the factors determining the vector tropism of rickettsiae. In brief, the vector tropism of rickettsiae species is basically consistent with their tropism toward cultured tick and insect cells. The mechanisms responsible for rickettsiae pathogenicity are also described. Recently, genomic analyses of rickettsiae have revealed that they possess several genes that are homologous to those affecting the pathogenicity of other bacteria. Analyses comparing the genomes of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of rickettsiae have detected many factors that are related to rickettsial pathogenicity. It is also known that a reduction in the rickettsial genome has occurred during the course of its evolution. Interestingly, Rickettsia species with small genomes, such as Rickettsia prowazekii, are more pathogenic to humans than those with larger genomes. This review also examines the growth kinetics of pathogenic and non-pathogenic species of SFG rickettsiae (SFGR) in mammalian cells. The growth of non-pathogenic species is restricted in these cells, which is mediated, at least in part, by autophagy. The superinfection of non-pathogenic rickettsiae-infected cells with pathogenic rickettsiae results in an elevated yield of the non-pathogenic rickettsiae and the growth of the pathogenic rickettsiae. Autophagy is restricted in these cells. These results are discussed in this review.

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Typhus Fever: A Virus of the Typhus Type Derived from Fleas Collected from Wild Rats

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910–1944

Chronomics of autism and suicide

Tropism and Pathogenicity of Rickettsiae

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