Typical 6-year-old children’s confusion between “b” and “d” in reading cannot be assimilated to reversal

Fischer, Jean‐Paul; Luxembourger, Christophe

doi:10.1007/s11145-022-10290-6

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…From a novel perspective of symmetry sensitivity, this study contributes to current literature on the associations between breaking mirror invariance in print (such as shape orientation sensitivity) and literacy acquisition by showing that such link manifests not only in reading (Fernandes et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2021) but more particularly in writing. This study also adds to the recent demonstrations by Fischer and Luxembourger (2022) of the difference between a recognition task (e.g., distinguishing between the reversible letters of b and d) and a writing task (e.g., reversing letters or digits in writing), the two tasks often considered as equivalent in the literature on mirror invariance but actually found to be at least partly independent processes (having a negative relationship between the two rates) in French 6 year olds. Future studies may further examine this issue with Chinese young children.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

A longitudinal study on sensitivity to symmetry in writing and associations with early literacy abilities

Yin

McBride

2023

Front. Educ.

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IntroductionYoung children reportedly find symmetrical prints, such as H, easier to copy and produce from memory than asymmetrical ones. Little is known about how sensitivity to symmetry in print relates to early word reading and writing development. We examined this in Chinese, a visually complex writing system featuring symmetrical patterns, such as X or X.MethodsSixty preschoolers in Beijing completed a character decision task (Experiment 1, Mage = 62.16 months) and a character learning task (Experiment 2, Mage = 63.96 months), using stimuli matched on visual complexity and frequency but differing in symmetry, and were assessed on Chinese word reading and word writing abilities twice with a 2-year interval.ResultsChildren were significantly more likely to endorse symmetrical complex stimuli as possible Chinese than asymmetrical complex ones, and they learned to read symmetrical characters significantly better than asymmetrical ones, reflecting their sensitivity to symmetry in Chinese characters. However, with age and nonverbal IQ statistically controlled, sensitivity to symmetry was not uniquely associated with Chinese word reading or word writing abilities at any time; rather, asymmetrical character learning, which necessitates reduced sensitivity to symmetry, was uniquely associated with Chinese word writing concurrently and longitudinally.DiscussionFindings highlight the close relationship between analytic perception of written words and early writing ability.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

A longitudinal study on sensitivity to symmetry in writing and associations with early literacy abilities

Yin

McBride

2023

Front. Educ.

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“…These results are not incompatible with the observation of Fischer and Luxembourger (2022) that different processes are involved in reversals when recognizing d and b and in mirror writing of digits. Digit and letter identification are neurally segregated (Polk & Farah, 1998), and hence, digits are not the same as nonreversible letters.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…However, neuroimaging evidence with healthy literate participants and neuropsychological cases of double dissociation in pure alexia and pure agraphia (e.g., Arguin & Bub, 1993; Leff et al., 2001) show that reading and writing are two independent cognitive systems. Fischer and Luxembourger (2022) suggested that different processes are involved in reversing symbols in writing and in visual recognition. The present study is about mirror‐image discrimination during visual word recognition, and hence, is silent about mirror writing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Letters away from the looking glass: Developmental trajectory of mirrored and rotated letter processing within words

Fernandes,

Velasco,

Leite

2023

Developmental Science

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Discrimination of reversible mirrored letters (e.g., d and b) poses a challenge when learning to read as it requires overcoming mirror invariance, an evolutionary‐old perceptual tendency of processing mirror images as equivalent. The present study investigated when, in reading development, mirror‐image discrimination becomes automatic during visual word recognition. The developmental trajectory of masked priming effects was investigated from 2nd to 6th grade and in adults, by manipulating letter type (nonreversible; reversible) and prime condition (control; identity; mirrored; rotated). Standardized identity priming increased along reading development. Beginning readers showed mirror invariance during reversible and nonreversible letter processing. A mirror cost (slower word recognition in mirrored‐letter than identity prime condition) was found by 5th‐grade but only for reversible letters. By 6th grade, orthographic processing was no longer captive of mirror invariance. A multiple linear regression showed that letter representations, but not phonological processes or age, were a reliable predictor of the rise of mirror‐image discrimination in 2nd–4th‐graders. The present results suggest a protracted development of automatic mirror‐image discrimination during orthographic processing, contingent upon the quality of abstract letter representations.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS We traced the developmental trajectory of mirrored‐letter and rotated‐letter priming effects (e.g., ibea and ipea as primes of IDEA) in visual word recognition. Beginning readers (2nd–4th‐graders) showed mirror invariance and plane‐rotation sensitivity in orthographic processing, thus still being susceptible to the perceptual biases in charge in object recognition. A mirror cost was found in 5th‐graders but only for reversible letters; orthographic processing was no longer captive of mirror invariance by 6th‐grade. The automation of mirror‐image discrimination during orthographic processing depends on the quality of letter representations but not on phonological processes or age.

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Investigation of the Occurrence of the Phenomenon of Letter Position Dyslexia in Bengali Language Among English–Bengali Speaking Indian Bilingual Children and Inter-comparison of the Phenomenon Between the Two Languages

Banerjee,

Poddar,

Chakraborty

et al. 2024

Wireless Pers Commun

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Typical 6-year-old children’s confusion between “b” and “d” in reading cannot be assimilated to reversal

Cited by 8 publications

References 48 publications

A longitudinal study on sensitivity to symmetry in writing and associations with early literacy abilities

A longitudinal study on sensitivity to symmetry in writing and associations with early literacy abilities

Letters away from the looking glass: Developmental trajectory of mirrored and rotated letter processing within words

Investigation of the Occurrence of the Phenomenon of Letter Position Dyslexia in Bengali Language Among English–Bengali Speaking Indian Bilingual Children and Inter-comparison of the Phenomenon Between the Two Languages

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