Typing Speed as a Confounding Variable and the Measurement of Quality in Divergent Thinking

Forthmann, Boris; Holling, Heinz; Çelik, Pınar; Storme, Martin; Lubart, Todd

doi:10.1080/10400419.2017.1360059

Cited by 78 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Participants' interaction with elements on the “quiz” screen is a metric for tracing their problem solving process. The time to produce solutions has previously been used in convergent thinking tasks (Salvi et al, 2016 ) and divergent thinking tasks (Forthmann et al, 2017 ), a measure that is similar to the “quiz time” in this paper. “Dira” employs a novel method by collecting behavioral data, namely the interaction times with the stimuli, throughout the creative process.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the answer “to paint” in a “Brick Uses” task, which is similar to the previous example, some would consider it an “impossible answer” and consequently remove the answer before scoring originality. Time measurements are often provided by a minimum or maximum task time and through fluency measures, and recently the moments of the production of a solution have received more attention (Forthmann et al, 2017 ). Divergent thinking tasks are in general repeatable, but the difficulty in scoring, and the unknown origin of the solution, either from memory or as a novel product, disqualify these types of tasks for our purpose.…”

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

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Paving the Way to Eureka—Introducing “Dira” as an Experimental Paradigm to Observe the Process of Creative Problem Solving

2018

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“Dira” is a novel experimental paradigm to record combinations of behavioral and metacognitive measures for the creative process. This task allows assessing chronological and chronometric aspects of the creative process directly and without a detour through creative products or proxy phenomena. In a study with 124 participants we show that (a) people spend more time attending to selected vs. rejected potential solutions, (b) there is a clear connection between behavioral patterns and self-reported measures, (c) the reported intensity of Eureka experiences is a function of interaction time with potential solutions, and (d) experiences of emerging solutions can happen immediately after engaging with a problem, before participants explore all potential solutions. The conducted study exemplifies how “Dira” can be used as an instrument to narrow down the moment when solutions emerge. We conclude that the “Dira” experiment is paving the way to study the process, as opposed to the product, of creative problem solving.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Paving the Way to Eureka—Introducing “Dira” as an Experimental Paradigm to Observe the Process of Creative Problem Solving

2018

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“…This is because the participants in the time-limited context would think they are being tested, rather than playing with the divergent thinking tasks. In fact, after reviewing previous studies, we found nearly all researchers required their participants to complete divergent thinking task within a limited time interval and considerable studies requested the participants to complete each of the-like items within 3 minutes (Silvia et al, 2008;Fink, Graif, & Neubauer, 2009) or shorter time interval (e.g., Forthmann, Holling, Çelik, Storme, & Lubart, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk-Taking and Creativity: Convergent, but Not Divergent Thinking Is Better in Low-Risk Takers

Shen

Hommel

Yuan

et al. 2018

Creativity Research Journal

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The relationship between risk-taking and creativity is critical to understand ing social harmony and innovation. While some studies have assessed the link between risk-taking and divergent thinking, the association between risk-taking and convergent thinking remains unclear. Two studies were conducted to systemically investigate whether risk-taking is linked to convergent thinking. In Study 1, a sample of 127 healthy participants performed a Chinese Remote Associate Test (RAT) and completed a risk-taking questionnaire. As predicted, risk-taking was negatively correlated with RAT performance, implying that risk-taking may have a negative association with convergent thinking. Study 2 was an online survey study that replicated Study 1, and extended the measures to include self-rated risk and a measure of divergent thinking (the Alternate Uses Task). The findings were fully replicated, showing that low risk-taking goes with better convergent thinking, while risk-taking was not significantly correlated with divergent thinking. Furthermore, the risk-taking/convergent-thinking relationship was best described by a linear regression model in both studies. Taken together, these results suggest that appropriate reductions in risk-taking can boost convergent thinking.

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“…First, participants’ verbal divergent thinking was assessed by Alternate Uses Test (AUT), a widely employed divergent thinking task ( Beaty et al, 2014 ; Hao et al, 2014b ). Although divergent thinking ability is not synonymous to creativity, divergent thinking tasks have been long employed to measure the originality and fluency of ideation ( Runco, 1991 ; Long, 2014a ; originality is preferred as an indicator of creativity because it has a conceptual relationship with standard definition of creativity, Forthmann et al, 2017 ). Participants were required to write down as many original uses as possible for four everyday objects (i.e., tire, barrel, pencil, and brick) within 3 min for each task.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Schizotypal Individuals Are More Creative? The Mediation Roles of Overinclusive Thinking and Cognitive Inhibition

et al. 2018

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Although a theoretical link between positive schizotypy and heightened creativity has been established in the literature, little empirical research has been conducted to examine the underlying cognitive processes that contribute to this association. In addition, previous studies found a negative relationship between positive schizotypy and cognitive inhibition; however, they often used the paradigm of latent inhibition. This study used the paradigm of prepotent response inhibition indicated by Stroop interference effect and examined the mediation effects of overinclusive thinking (OT) and cognitive inhibition on the creativity of schizotypal individuals. Two groups of low and high schizotypal individuals (N = 78) participated in the study. Each participant completed one OT task, one color-word Stroop task, three other executive functioning (EF) control tasks, and two creativity tasks. The results indicated that the high schizotypal group outperformed the low schizotypal group in the creativity tasks. They also exhibited higher OT as indicated by faster reaction time and higher cognitive inhibition as indicated by lower Stroop interference effect. Further, participant’s levels of OT and cognitive inhibition partially mediated the relationship between schizotypy and creativity. The results were discussed under the context of schizotypy and creativity research and implications for rehabitation were further provided.

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Typing Speed as a Confounding Variable and the Measurement of Quality in Divergent Thinking

Cited by 78 publications

References 50 publications

Paving the Way to Eureka—Introducing “Dira” as an Experimental Paradigm to Observe the Process of Creative Problem Solving

Paving the Way to Eureka—Introducing “Dira” as an Experimental Paradigm to Observe the Process of Creative Problem Solving

Risk-Taking and Creativity: Convergent, but Not Divergent Thinking Is Better in Low-Risk Takers

High Schizotypal Individuals Are More Creative? The Mediation Roles of Overinclusive Thinking and Cognitive Inhibition

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