Typologies of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Bam Adult Population: 17 Years After Bam Earthquake

Abstract

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most important issues after earthquakes. Following the Bam earthquake, much of the literature has documented the prevalence and correlates of PTSD, but no study has evaluated predominant typologies of PTSD in this population. The present study aims to investigate PTSD typologies among adults exposed to the Bam earthquake after 17 years. The data were collected 17 years after the 2003 Bam earthquake using multistage cluster sampling, in a historical cohort study. In total, 917 people participated in the study. Latent class analyses (LCA) were conducted to identify predominant typologies of PTSD symptoms and associated correlates. The LCA identified four meaningfully different classes that were characterized based on the PTSD items. The common profile was class 1 with 36.1% of the study population, which reported medium on “Re-experiencing” and “avoidance” items and high for “dysphoria” item. Also, the results showed significant differences for marital status, death relative, and age across the four classes of PTSD. The results indicated after 17 years of the Bam earthquake, people who were exposed to this earthquake were divided into subgroups based on the severity and prevalence of PTSD symptoms. These findings highlighted the existence of experimental subgroups of PTSD symptoms following an earthquake, which can help us find those who are most in need of mental health services and also which can find specific interventions for any subgroups.

Retracted: Synthesis characterization of Zn-based MOF and their application in degradation of water contaminants

“…With various advances in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, and other sciences (Amiri et al 2021a(Amiri et al , 2022Rezapour et al 2021;Ashpazzadeh et al 2022;Chu et al 2022b;Iqbal et al 2022;Qian et al 2022;Zhao et al 2022cZhao et al , 2022d, the removal of contaminants from water is not impossible (Liu et al 2018;Dai et al 2022b), and as mentioned, it has various solutions, including photocatalytic degradation. When exposed to UV and visible irradiation, a small percentage of Zn-MOFs or Zn coordination polymers were examined for photocatalytic destruction of organic molecules (Tian et al 2021c).…”

Willingness to pay for complementary health insurance in Iran: Contingent valuation approach

“…Healthcare has historically been viewed as a fundamental human need [1][2][3][4][5][6] especially in accident such as an earthquake, disease or a plane crash. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] It is, however, influenced in some way by external factors such as a society's political situation, economic development, and demographic characteristics.…”

Post-traumatic growth and perceived social support in young adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…We live in an era where the world and our surroundings are always changing, and the human activity and how people interact with their surroundings can be one of the key causes of these changes (1). Viruses can quickly adapt to and take advantage of these various environments.…”

“…The goal of this research is to investigate the positive and negative changes that occur in a young adolescent's life after a traumatic event such as a COVID-19 pandemic and to see how they relate to perceived social support. This study explores three research questions: (1) what is the degree of PTG in young adolescents during COVID-19? (2) what is the relationship between the effects of COVID-19, PTG, and social support perception?…”