Tyrosine-Derived Polymers as Potential Biomaterials: Synthesis Strategies, Properties, and Applications

Abstract

Peptide-based polymers are evolving as promising materials for various biomedical applications. Among peptidebased polymers, polytyrosine (PTyr)-based and L-tyrosine (Tyr)derived polymers are unique, due to their excellent biocompatibility, degradability, and functional as well as engineering properties. To date, different polymerization techniques (ringopening polymerization, enzymatic polymerization, condensation polymerization, solution-interfacial polymerization, and electropolymerization) have been used to synthesize various PTyr-based and Tyr-derived polymers. Even though the synthesis starts from Tyr, different synthesis routes yield different polymers (polypeptides, polyarylates, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polyiminocarbonate, and polyphosphates) with unique functional characteristics, and these polymers have been successfully used for various biomedical applications in the past decades. This Review comprehensively describes the synthesis approaches, classification, and properties of various PTyr-based and Tyr-derived polymers employed in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing applications.

Metabolomic screening of radioiodine refractory thyroid cancer patients and the underlying chemical mechanism of iodine resistance

“…In this study, we showed that some tyrosine residues underwent iodination in the presence of TPO, while in the absence of TPO virtually no iodinated tyrosine was produced. Although tyrosine has a phenolic hydroxyl structure and is prone to oxidation in the presence of oxides, a higher concentration of I 2 was found to have stronger oxidative properties in aqueous solution 21 . In system IV, tyrosine was found to be involved in two types of competing reactions: iodination and oxidation.…”

Single-Crystal One-Dimensional Porous Ladder Covalent Polymers

“…It is worth mentioning that we conducted a series of experiments on synthesizing CLCP-1 with different feeding ratios of p-phenylenediamine: M-CHO from 2:1 to 12:1.We found that the crystallinity was highest at the feeding ratio of 1:6, which was chosen as the optimized synthesis condition (Figure S20). The bond-forming reaction of CLCP-1 and -2 was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solid-state 13 S2). The reflection condition can be determined as hkl: h + k = 2n; h0l: h, l = 2n from the 2D slices that were cut from the 3D reciprocal lattice, which suggests two possible space groups: Cc (no.…”

Polytyrosine-Coated Paper Electrode for Sensitive and Selective Sensing of NADH

“…Recently, we have reviewed various synthesis strategies and applications of PTyr-based and L-Tyrderived polymers. 35 Importantly, Tyr transfers an electron and a proton upon electrooxidation. A fully oxidized PTyr of high molecular weight can generate plenty of electrons to amplify the electrochemical signal, and PTyr shows ideal properties over conventional CPs.…”

“…On the other hand, (PTyr) and polyhistidine are soluble and have already been investigated in sensing applications. , Importantly, l -tyrosine (Tyr) is an aromatic amino acid, and the conjugated structure of PTyr with low electron tunneling barriers contributes to its excellent conducting properties. Recently, we have reviewed various synthesis strategies and applications of PTyr-based and l -Tyr-derived polymers . Importantly, Tyr transfers an electron and a proton upon electrooxidation.…”