“…This robust pattern of TH-ir in TS appears to be consistent across teleosts and is likely a mixture of DA and NAergic input, as there are reports of DBH, TH, and DA-ir fibers and terminals in this area across a variety of species (e.g., Adrio et al, 2002;Batten et al, 1993;Corio et al, 1991;Ekstrom et al, 1990;Ekstrom et al, 1986;Hornby and Piekut, 1990;Kaslin and Panula, 2001;Ma, 1994;Roberts et al, 1989;Sas et al, 1990;Vetillard et al, 2002). Furthermore, the amphibian TS, mammalian inferior colliculus (IC, TS homolog; Bass et al, 2005) and dorsal lateral mesencephalic nucleus in birds (MLd, IC homolog; Karten, 1967) all receive substantial CAergic input (Appeltants et al, 2001;Endepols et al, 2000;Kitahama et al, 1996;Klepper and Herbert, 1991;Mello et al, 1998;Tong et al, 2005), which suggests a conserved pattern and modulatory role of CAs on central auditory processing across vertebrates. The primary source of NAergic fibers is likely the LC (Ma, 1994) as is the case in mammals (Hormigo et al, 2012;Klepper and Herbert, 1991) and birds (Kitt and Brauth, 1986a) since projection patterns of NAergic neurons are highly conserved (Smeets and Gonzalez, 2000;Tay et al, 2011).…”