Tyrosine Metabolism for Insect Cuticle Pigmentation and Sclerotization

Arakane, Yasuyuki; Noh, Mi Young; Asano, Tsunaki; Kramer, Karl J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40740-1_6

Cited by 34 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 307 publications

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“…The tyrosine-mediated cuticle melanism pathway is an important regulation network for pigment synthesis in insects (24). In this melanism pathway, tyrosine is first hydroxylated to DOPA by TH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tyrosine-mediated melanism pathway-related genes, including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) decarboxylase (DDC), arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferases (aaNAT), dopachrome conversion enzyme (DCE, protein of yellow gene), aspartate 1-decarboxylase (ADC, protein of black gene), N-b-alanyldopamine (NBAD) synthase (protein of ebony gene), and NBAD hydrolase (protein of tan gene), have been reported to have a significant effect on melanization (24,25). Drosophila homologs in BPH were identified and were knocked down using RNA interference.…”

Section: Effect Of Elevenin On Tyrosine-mediated Melanism Pathway In Bphmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevenin signaling modulates body color through the tyrosine‐mediated cuticle melanism pathway

Wang

et al. 2019

FASEB j.

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Elevenin is a newly discovered novel neuropeptide. Knockdown of either elevenin or orphan receptor NlA42 transcript expression by RNA interference caused severe cuticle melanization in the brown planthopper (BPH). Injection of a synthetic elevenin peptide not only rescued the body color phenotype in dselevenin‐pretreated individuals but also suppressed melanization of black insects grown in natural conditions. Real‐time quantitative PCR results revealed that elevenin expression levels were highest in the brain and salivary gland. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed that a precursor peptide of elevenin was generated in the salivary gland, suggesting that the salivary gland might be an important neurosecretory tissue in addition to the brain in BPH. Furthermore, double‐strand RNA–mediated silencing of elevenin and NlA42 resulted in down‐regulation of arylalkylamine‐N‐acetyltransferase and up‐regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase, whereas elevenin peptide injection resulted in up‐regulation of N‐β‐alanyldopamine synthase and aspartate 1‐decarboxylase, indicating a complex regulation network for cuticle pigmentation. In addition, functional characterization demonstrated that NlA42 is a cognate receptor for elevenin, and couples to Gq and Gs proteins, triggering both PLC/Ca2+/PKC and AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathways in response to elevenin treatment. These findings suggest that the elevenin signaling functions control BPH body color through the tyrosine‐mediated cuticle melanism pathway.—Wang, S.‐L., Wang, W.‐W., Ma, Q., Shen, Z.‐F., Zhang, M.‐Q., Zhou, N.‐M., Zhang, C.‐X. Elevenin signaling modulates body color through the tyrosine‐mediated cuticle melanism pathway. FASEB J. 33, 9731–9741 (2019). http://www.fasebj.org

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Elevenin On Tyrosine-mediated Melanism Pathway In Bphmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevenin signaling modulates body color through the tyrosine‐mediated cuticle melanism pathway

Wang

et al. 2019

FASEB j.

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“…black and ebony encode aspartate decarboxylase and N -β-alanyldopamine (NBAD) synthase, respectively. Both enzymes are essential for the synthesis of NBAD that is involved in hardening of the cuticle, and for reddish and yellowish coloration (Arakane, Noh, Asano, & Kramer, 2016; Futahashi & Fujiwara, 2005; Liu, Lemonds, Marden, & Popadić, 2016; Wittkopp, Carroll, & Kopp, 2003). Based on phenotypes of other insects, upregulation of black and ebony is consistent with a color change from black humeral stripes to orange.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of thedoublesexgene in body color masculinization of the blue-tailed damselfly,Ischnura senegalensis

Takahashi

Okude

Futahashi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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20Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) display remarkable color pattern diversity 21 including sexual dimorphism and intrasexual polymorphism. We previously found that 22 expression of a sex-determining transcription factor, the doublesex (dsx) gene, is 23 associated with female color polymorphism (gynomorph for female-specific color and 24 andromorph for male mimicking color) in the blue-tailed damselfly, Ischnura 25 senegalensis. Here we investigate the function of dsx gene on thoracic coloration by 26 electroporation-mediated RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi of the dsx common region 27 changed color patterns of males and andromorphic females to patterns of gynomorphic 28 females. Further, gynomorphic color pattern was not affected by dsx RNAi. The long 29 isoform of dsx RNAi produced no effects, suggesting that the short isoform of dsx is 30 important for body color masculinization in both males and andromorphic females.31Expression pattern changes were also examined in five genes with different expression 32 levels between sexes and female morphs. Among these genes are two melanin 33 suppressing genes, black and ebony, that were upregulated in the dsx-RNAi region 34 compared to a control region. Upregulation coincides with a gynomorphic orange color 35 instead of the black stripe observed in males and andromorphic females. dsx may 36 regulate male color differentiation by suppressing black and ebony in the thoracic 37 region of I. senegalensis. Results add to the understanding of molecular mechanisms 38 underlying the evolution of female polymorphism in Odonata.39 3

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“…The more melanized a fly is, the more it resists desiccation. The yellow gene is related with the activity of Dopachrome conversion enzyme, required for proper melanin formation while both black and ebony genes code for enzymes necessary for NBAD production, driving dopamine usage for sclerotization, instead of melanization (Figure 1B) (Arakane et al, 2016). The same pattern was found in distinct species and morphs of Hemideina wetas from New Zealand and morphs of D. melanogaster from the Indian subcontinet: darker adults resist more against desiccation (Parkash et al, 2009; King and Sinclair, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since dopa is an inadequate substrate for Laccase2 its contribution for melanin formation is minor. Dopamine can also be β-alanylated or acetylated, originating NBAD and NADA that are further transformed in quinones that participates in sclerotization (Figure 1B) (Schlaeger and Fuchs, 1974; Li and Christensen, 1993; Johnson et al, 2001; Wu et al, 2013; Arakane et al, 2016; Rezende et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Darker eggs resist more to desiccation: the case of melanin inAedes,AnophelesandCulexmosquito vectors

Farnesi

Vargas

Valle

et al. 2017

Preprint

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27melanin, mosquito, viability. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 2 Summary statement: The ability of mosquito eggs of several species to resist differently 35 to dry conditions is investigated. In particular, it unravels why Aedes aegypti eggs survive 36 for several months outside water. Abstract 39 Mosquito vectors lay their eggs in the aquatic milieu. During early embryogenesis water 40 passes freely through the transparent eggshell, composed of exochorion and endochorion. 41 93 Curiously, the level of egg resistance to desiccation (ERD) varies among mosquito species 94 at the end of embryogenesis: while Ae. aegypti eggs can survive for at least 72 hours in a 95 dry environment (high ERD), those of An. aquasalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus in the same 96 condition can survive, respectively, for 24 hours (medium ERD) and 5 hours (low ERD) 97 (Figure 1C) (Vargas et al., 2014). Physical and biochemical features of these eggs were 98 investigated in order to identify traits related with these differences. Chitin content is 99 directly related to ERD levels while both egg volume increase during embryogenesis and 100 eggshell superficial density are inversely related to. Moreover, other yet unidentified traits 101 might also be relevant (Farnesi et al., 2015).102 4Although the melanization increases desiccation resistance of adult insects of different 103 orders (Kalmus, 1941; Parkash et al., 2009; Wittkopp and Beldade, 2009; King and 104 Sinclair, 2015) it is currently unknown if the same process occurs in insect eggs. We 105 investigated here if the intensity of eggshell pigmentation is related to desiccation 106 resistance phenomenon in mosquito vector eggs.

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Tyrosine Metabolism for Insect Cuticle Pigmentation and Sclerotization

Cited by 34 publications

References 307 publications

Elevenin signaling modulates body color through the tyrosine‐mediated cuticle melanism pathway

Elevenin signaling modulates body color through the tyrosine‐mediated cuticle melanism pathway

Involvement of thedoublesexgene in body color masculinization of the blue-tailed damselfly,Ischnura senegalensis

Darker eggs resist more to desiccation: the case of melanin inAedes,AnophelesandCulexmosquito vectors

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