U.S. Energy Transitions 1780–2010

O’Connor, Peter; Cleveland, Cutler J.

doi:10.3390/en7127955

Cited by 51 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…; Krausmann et al. ), and global scales (O'Connor and Cleveland ; Smil ), very little is known about the energy transitions of agriculture due to the lack of records on agricultural energy consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy, Nitrogen, and Farm Surplus Transitions in Agriculture from Historical Data Modeling. France, 1882–2013.

Harchaoui

Chatzimpiros

2018

J of Industrial Ecology

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This article addresses agricultural metabolism and transitions for energy, nitrogen, farm production, self-sufficiency, and surplus from historical data since the nineteenth century. It builds on an empirical data set on agricultural production and production means in France covering 130 consecutive years (1882-2013). Agricultural transitions have increased the net production and surplus of farms by a factor of 4 and have zeroed self-sufficiency. The energy consumption remained quasi-stable since 1882, but the energy and nitrogen structure of agriculture fully changed. With an EROI (energy return to energy invested) of 2 until 1950, preindustrial agriculture consumed as much energy to function as it provided in exportable surplus to sustain the nonagricultural population. The EROI doubled to 4 over the last 60 years, driven, on the one hand, by efficiency improvements in traction through the replacement of draft animals by motors and, on the other hand, by the joint increase in crop yields and efficiency in nitrogen use. Agricultural energy and nitrogen transitions shifted France from a self-sufficiency agri-food-energy regime to a fossil-dependent food export regime. Knowledge of resource conversion mechanisms over the long duration highlights the effects of changing agricultural metabolism on the system's feeding capacity. Farm self-sufficiency is an asset against fossil fuel constraints, price volatility, and greenhouse gas emissions, but it equates to lower farm surplus in support of urbanization. Keywords:agricultural transitions energy return on invested energy (EROI) external energy dependence farm self-sufficiency industrial ecology nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)Supporting information is linked to this article on the JIE website

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy, Nitrogen, and Farm Surplus Transitions in Agriculture from Historical Data Modeling. France, 1882–2013.

Harchaoui

Chatzimpiros

2018

J of Industrial Ecology

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“…Urban pollution was responsible for a 25% reduction in the early values of E g ↓ measured at Chicago, Pittsburgh and New York according to Kimball (). During the 1930s there was a significant decrease in fuel consumption in the United States due to the economic depression which resulted in a 8% reduction in coal, petroleum and wood combustion, the three major fuels (O'Conner and Cleveland, ), decreasing aerosol emissions of black carbon during the same period (Junker and Liousse, ). The associated possible reduction in aerosol optical depth in the lower atmosphere was not accompanied by changes in transmission of the upper atmosphere as no major volcanic eruptions occurred during this decade (Sato et al ., ; Andronova et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar radiation measurements in the United States between 1916 and 1949 document widespread brightening in the mid‐20th century

Stanhill¹,

Paudel²,

Rosa³

2018

Intl Journal of Climatology

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An analysis is presented of global radiation E g↓ measurements made between 1916 and 1949 at 26 sites in the continental United States. The procedures used to fill gaps in the database are described and the accuracy of the data assessed. During this period E g↓ averaged 172 and 41 W/m2 above the model‐estimated values for the same sites during the 1960–1990 period and 7 W/m2 below the average values estimated between 1991 and 2010; the largest changes were found at two urban sites, New York City and Pittsburgh. The major inter‐annual variation found within the 1916–1949 period was a significant spike lasting a decade which reached a maximum around 1940. This episode of global brightening was attributed to reduced emissions of anthropogenic aerosols during the economic depression together with lesser cloud cover associated with the severe droughts occurring in the same decade. The widespread global brightening which occurred concurrently outside the United States is documented and a link between global brightening and global warming during the first half of the 20th century demonstrated.

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“…Energy transition involves "long term structural changes in energy systems" [1] (p. 2) and [2]. Many developed countries have gone through some energy transition, while some are still experiencing some sort of transition [1,3]. All countries undergo transitions as a result of economic and societal change [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Transitions in Nigeria: The Evolution of Energy Infrastructure Provision (1800–2015)

2016

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The provision of energy infrastructure is essential for economic growth, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability. Understanding the multiple functions and services it provides us requires firstly a deeper understanding of the factors that influence energy infrastructure itself. This paper focusses on the factors that influence the evolution of energy infrastructure in Nigeria. By studying different eras of energy use according to the technologies that were being implemented, resources that were available, and the political practice of the time it is possible to better frame the drivers of energy infrastructure. The paper explores the transitions of how Nigerians managed to obtain the vast majority of energy from food calories and traditional biomass, to the broad portfolio of energy sources that is in use today.

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U.S. Energy Transitions 1780–2010

Cited by 51 publications

References 46 publications

Energy, Nitrogen, and Farm Surplus Transitions in Agriculture from Historical Data Modeling. France, 1882–2013.

Energy, Nitrogen, and Farm Surplus Transitions in Agriculture from Historical Data Modeling. France, 1882–2013.

Solar radiation measurements in the United States between 1916 and 1949 document widespread brightening in the mid‐20th century

Energy Transitions in Nigeria: The Evolution of Energy Infrastructure Provision (1800–2015)

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