U.S. intra-industry trade in air transport services: measurement and results

Abstract

The paper deals with the measurement of intra-industry trade (IIT) in air transport services and it´s components (passenger and air cargo services) among the United States of America and 31 chosen countries in time period 2000-2011. For the purpose of analysis, we used traditional and alternative methods of IIT measurements. Results of the analysis confirm the existence of IIT in air transport services and it´s components (passenger and air cargo services between The United States of America and 31 chosen countries in time period 2000-2011. On the other hand, we are unable to determine the trend of IIT in air transport services between The United States of America and 31 chosen countries in time period 2000-2011because of fluctuating turnover values. ВНУТРИОТРАСЛЕВАЯ ТОРГОВЛЯ В США ДЛЯ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ ВОЗДУШНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА: РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ И ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ Аннотация. Статья посвящена анализу внутриотраслевой торговли (IIT) в авиатранспортных услугах и их компонентах (пассажирских и грузовых авиаперевозках) между Соединенными Штатами Америки и 31 выбранными странами в период 2000-2011 г. Для целей анализа были использованы традиционные и альтернативные методы измерения IIT. Результаты анализа подтверждают существование IIT в авиатранспортных услугах и их компонентах (пассажирских и грузовых перевозках) в воздухе между Соединенными Штатами Америки и 31 выбранными странами в период 2000-2011 г. С другой стороны, невозможно определить тенденции в IIT авиатранспортных услуг между Соединенными Штатами Америки и 31 выбранными странами в период 2000-2011 поскольку значения колеблются.

Proposal for Optimization of the Inventory Level Using the Appropriate Method for its Procurement

“…The existing models of inventory management: 1. ABC/XYZ analysis and 2. the model of economic order quantity (the "EOQ model") are the background for the proposed algorithm [6][7][8]. On the basis of the ABC/XYZ analysis, all items of the inventory are divided into two groups.…”

“…The proposed algorithm continues by the calculation of the order period (t d ) for each inventory item. The period of the delivery cycle, corresponding to the optimal delivery (by the Harris -Wilson's formula), is calculated according to the formula (1) [1], [3], [7][8][9][10]: (1) where: C A -cost per one order of the specific material item (acquisition costs = delivery costs) (€); Q -annual need of the material item (pcs/other units), or planned consumption (acquisition costs); T -the planning period during which the planned consumption Q is considered (days); C ST -storage and maintenance costs of the inventory unit per time unit (one day).…”

“…Based on this data, the inventory items of the first group (synchronous method of procurement/procurement into the inventory), created in the previous section of the algorithm (ABC/XYZ analysis), are divided into two groups [7], [9][10][11][12]: -inventory items group suitable for the synchronous method of procurement -short-time order period (within 1 week), -inventory items group suitable for the procurement into the inventory -other inventory items that do not meet the conditions of synchronous method of procurement.…”

“…Within the proposed algorithm, in its next section, the inventory items of the group intended (suitable) for the random procurement method, created in the previous section of the algorithm (calculations based on the model EOQ) on the basis of assessment of the particular suppliers delivery times appropriateness, are divided into two groups [1], [7], [12][13][14]: -inventory items group suitable for random method of inventory procurement -satisfactory delivery time of the specific inventory item particular supplier for the random method of procurement (since, the random method of procurement is carried out after the generating the material need, shorter delivery times are more appropriate), -inventory items group suitable for procurement into the inventory -unsatisfactory delivery time of the specific inventory item particular supplier for the random method of procurement. Within the section of the algorithm, where calculations are performed based on the EOQ model, when using the continuous analysis of the items supplier of such inventory group which is intended for the synchronous procurement method, the inventory items are divided into two groups [1], [7], [12][13][14]: -inventory items group suitable for synchronous procurement method. -inventory items group suitable for procurement into the inventory.…”

“…It is shown in Table 2 below. Inventory items included into the third group, even in a single analysis, are considered to be a part of an inventory group suitable for procurement into the inventory [7], [9], [15]. Procedure of the individual inventory items assignment for each procurement method is illustrated using the following flow chart (Figure 1…”