Über die Bindung des Bakteriophagen an homologe Bakterien

Schlesinger, M.

doi:10.1007/bf02176514

Cited by 45 publications

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“…In our case, when the dilution rate is approaching 0 hr −1 , the extrapolated adsorption constant is approaching to the maximal value of 5∙10 ‐9 ml·min −1 (Figure a). The latter value is below the theoretical upper limit of adsorption constant (1∙10 −8 ml·min −1 ), which was estimated from phage diffusivity and bacterial cell size and is approached when nearly all encounters of phages to the host result in adsorption (Schlesinger, ). Interestingly, adsorption constant increased by fivefold when dilution rate decreased from 0.6 to 0.06 hr −1 , whereas it remained almost constant (0.5∙10 ‐9 ml min −1 ) between the dilution rates of 0.60–0.98 hr −1 (Figure a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…At lower growth rate and consequently higher OmpC concentration on the cell surface also adsorption constant increases proportionally. There must be an upper limit, when the entire cell surface is available for binding, meaning that every collision results in adsorption, determined by Schlesinger (Schlesinger, ) to be equal to 1∙10 ‐8 ml·min −1 . However, this value differs from bacteria and phage strain and commonly lower values are encountered (Denes, den Bakker, Tokman, Guldimann, & Wiedmann, ; Merabishvili et al., ; Moldovan, Chapman‐McQuiston, & Wu, ; Quiberoni et al., ), in our case it was predicted to be 5∙10 ‐9 ml·min −1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of bacterial growth rate on bacteriophage population growth rate

2017

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It is important to understand how physiological state of the host influence propagation of bacteriophages (phages), due to the potential higher phage production needs in the future. In our study, we tried to elucidate the effect of bacterial growth rate on adsorption constant (δ), latent period (L), burst size (b), and bacteriophage population growth rate (λ). As a model system, a well‐studied phage T4 and Escherichia coli K‐12 as a host was used. Bacteria were grown in a continuous culture operating at dilution rates in the range between 0.06 and 0.98 hr−1. It was found that the burst size increases linearly from 8 PFU·cell−1 to 89 PFU·cell−1 with increase in bacteria growth rate. On the other hand, adsorption constant and latent period were both decreasing from 2.6∙10‐9 ml·min−1 and 80 min to reach limiting values of 0.5 × 10‐9 ml·min−1 and 27 min at higher growth rates, respectively. Both trends were mathematically described with Michaelis–Menten based type of equation and reasons for such form are discussed. By applying selected equations, a mathematical equation for prediction of bacteriophage population growth rate as a function of dilution rate was derived, reaching values around 8 hr−1 at highest dilution rate. Interestingly, almost identical description can be obtained using much simpler Monod type equation and possible reasons for this finding are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of bacterial growth rate on bacteriophage population growth rate

2017

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“…showed that adsorption to live and dead bacteria followed the above relation and measured ki for staphylococcus phage. Schlesinger (1932) pointed out that if the collision rate expected from Brownian movement of the bacterium and the virus were the only agent responsible for this rate, the value of A-o calculated is about what is found. Delbriick (1940) assumes that because the virus is removed by adsorption near the surface of a spherical bacterium, radius o, there exists a concentration function C{r), where…”

Section: The Surface Of Viruses 125mentioning

confidence: 78%

The physics of viruses

Pollard¹

1953

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Foreword v I. The Nature OF Viruses AND Their Relation TO Physics.. . 1 to secure virus multiplication on any kind of medium other than an intact organism have failed. This failure does not mean that all future attempts will fail, but it does mean that, whereas a plant will grow if supplied with water, air, light, and a few NATURE OF VIRUSES 3 inorganic nutrients, a virus seemingly needs a more complex and accurately balanced form of medium. It seems likely that the physical distribution of the material of the host cell, proximity to membrane or cell wall, etc., may be of importance. This is, as yet, unproven but it seems likely. Because of this concern with a host, viruses are classified by their host. Thus we have tobacco mosaic virus, or an E. coli bacteriophage, or rabbit papilloma virus. There is, as yet, no definite and accepted classification of viruses, partly because no very definite means of distinguishing similar viruses exists. All viruses, therefore, operate by invasion of a cell. This is a process which in itself merits much study. Once inside the cell, the virus is instantly concerned with the whole metabolic (chemical and energy turnover) process of the cell, which apparently shifts its function to serve the purpose of the virus, starting a process which ultimately yields a highly multiplied number of viruses. There is evidence from bacterial viruses that after invasion the virus ceases to have its normal structure and becomes something much less visible, and only later, in the multiple stage, does it become apparent in its normal condition. Virus Multiplication The unique nature of the bacterial host has enabled detailed studies of virus multiplication to be made. These studies probably apply to other viruses, but it must be remembered that much of our ability to generalize about viruses comes from the fact that we have, so far, made detailed studies on only a few. The process which occurs in a bacterial virus is the following. The virus first attaches, probably at the outset by electrostatic forces, but subsequently by a chemical surface action. No measurable multiplication takes place for a period known as the latent period, which is 13 min for T-1 E. coli bacteriophage, 26 min for T-2 coliphage, and 60 min for M-5 B. megaterium phage. At the end of this time, lysis, or dissolution, of the bacterium occurs, and a number, varying from 50 to 1,000, of new virus particles are released. This process is called a hurst, and the number the hurst size. Both the latent period and burst 4 THE PHYSICS OF VIRUSES size are to some extent dependent on the previous history of the virus. A virus which has been dried and heat treated has a longer latent period and a smaller burst size. Various agents can be used to estimate the number of virus particles present at any stage of this process. The larger phages can be seen as scattering centers in the ordinary microscope. The number of these drops from one, at the original moment of invasion, to zero for the first 95% of the latent period. In the last 5%, many sca...

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“…It was postulated earlier that a one-hit collision event would suffice to produce an infected cell (1,2). However, more recent evidence shows greater complexity: receptor-containing cell surfaces (3) require sufficient density ofreceptor molecules or patches (4), and critical levels of membrane energization (5,6) are needed for infection (7,8) and for development of the virion (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, more recent evidence shows greater complexity: receptor-containing cell surfaces (3) require sufficient density ofreceptor molecules or patches (4), and critical levels of membrane energization (5,6) are needed for infection (7,8) and for development of the virion (6). Mathematical models (1,2,9) consider the entire cell surface as being available for collision and capture with a virion. However, the well-documented positioning of infecting phage particles at discrete membrane-adhesion sites (10,11) strengthens the hypothesis that a phage is translocated after the initial collision event, either by multiple successive collisions (4,12) or by a two-dimensional surface walk along the receptor coat (11,13,14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Fast responses of bacterial membranes to virus adsorption: a fluorescence study.

Bayer¹,

Bayer²

1981

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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After collision with their host cells, vfrus particles may remain mobile on cell surfaces until they become attached at firm binding sites. We propose that a virion will arrive within a typical median time at such a site, generating a membrane signal such as an increased membrane fluorescence in cells labeled with the voltage-sensitive dyes 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonate (Mgsalt) (ANS), N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPA), or 3, 3'-dipentyl-2, 2'-oxacarbocyanine (di-O-C5[3]). We found that the time span between virus adsorption and fluorescence response varies widely among phages and also depends on bacterial strain, metabolic state, and type of dye. di-O-C5[3]-labeled cells react within 1 see to uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Cells labeled with ANS and NPA react to CCCP in 4-6 sec. Bacteriophages T4, T5, X, and BF23, added to ANS-labeled cells, change the fluorescence in 9-15 sec. T-even ghosts cause a response at identical times. Baseplate-defective phage mutant T412-and isolated adsorption organelles ofsmaller viruses fail to cause an effect. di-O-C5[3]-labeled cells respond to T4 at a multiplicity of infection 240 within 1 sec. A longer time (8 sec) is required at lower multiplicities. The receptor-degrading phages e15, e34, c341, and K29 need the longest time (1 min for ANS) to cause a fluorescence increase. We suggest that the delayed fluorescence response is concomitant with the surface "walk" of the virion, which is terminated at an injection site. T4 tail sheath contraction coincides with the onset of the membrane fluorescence response.The infection process starts with virus-cell collision and terminates with the permeation of nucleic acid into the host bacterium. It was postulated earlier that a one-hit collision event would suffice to produce an infected cell (1, 2). However, more recent evidence shows greater complexity: receptor-containing cell surfaces (3) require sufficient density ofreceptor molecules or patches (4), and critical levels of membrane energization (5, 6) are needed for infection (7,8) and for development of the virion (6). Mathematical models (1, 2, 9) consider the entire cell surface as being available for collision and capture with a virion. However, the well-documented positioning of infecting phage particles at discrete membrane-adhesion sites (10, 11) strengthens the hypothesis that a phage is translocated after the initial collision event, either by multiple successive collisions (4,12) or by a two-dimensional surface walk along the receptor coat (11,13,14).We describe here the response of cell membranes to phage attachment. To measure changes in the electric potential ofcell membranes, we used fluorescence dyes that probe the hydrophobic regions of membranes, probably the vicinity of membrane proteins (15, 16): (i) 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS); (ii) N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPA); and (iii) 3, 3'-dipentyl-2, 2'-oxacarbocyanine (di-O-C5[3]) (17,18). Uptake of the dye depends on the membrane potential (5, 17-19), which is reduced...

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Über die Bindung des Bakteriophagen an homologe Bakterien

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of bacterial growth rate on bacteriophage population growth rate

Effect of bacterial growth rate on bacteriophage population growth rate

The physics of viruses

Fast responses of bacterial membranes to virus adsorption: a fluorescence study.

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