Über die Elektrolytische Oxydation des Ammoniaks und Ihre Abhängigkeit vom Anodenmaterial

Müller, Erich; Spitzer, Fritz

doi:10.1002/bbpc.19050115002

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…, De Vooys et al , 2001 ; Li et al , 2017 ). Müller and Spitzer (1905) reported that the anodic products of electrolyzing ammonia at a platinum anode were mainly NO 3 – and N 2 (25%–35%). With over-oxidation, NO 2 – and NO 3 – products were observed at applied voltages of higher than +0.6‍ ‍V (vs Ag/AgCl) ( Endo et al , 2005 ; Bunce and Bejan, 2011 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A small amount of anaerobic sludge taken from a laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was inoculated on the surface of the cathode electrode. Platinum powder (10% by weight of platinum on carbon powder; E-TEK, C-1 10% Pt on Vulcan XC-72) was coated on the surface of the anode, as described in previous studies ( Müller and Spitzer, 1905 ; Nutt and Kapur, 1968 ; De Vooys et al , 2001 ; Bunce and Bejan, 2011 ; Li et al , 2017 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioelectrical Methane Production with an Ammonium Oxidative Reaction under the No Organic Substance Condition

et al. 2021

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The present study investigated bioelectrical methane production from CO 2 without organic substances. Even though microbial methane production has been reported at relatively high electric voltages, the amount of voltage required and the organisms contributing to the process currently remain unknown. Methane production using a biocathode was investigated in a microbial electrolysis cell coupled with an NH 4 + oxidative reaction at an anode coated with platinum powder under a wide range of applied voltages and anaerobic conditions. A microbial community analysis revealed that methane production simultaneously occurred with biological denitrification at the biocathode. During denitrification, NO 3 – was produced by chemical NH 4 + oxidation at the anode and was provided to the biocathode chamber. H 2 was produced at the biocathode by the hydrogen-producing bacteria Petrimonas through the acceptance of electrons and protons. The H 2 produced was biologically consumed by hydrogenotrophic methanogens of Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter with CO 2 uptake and by hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers of Azonexus . This microbial community suggests that methane is indirectly produced without the use of electrons by methanogens. Furthermore, bioelectrical methane production occurred under experimental conditions even at a very low voltage of 0.05‍ ‍V coupled with NH 4 + oxidation, which was thermodynamically feasible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioelectrical Methane Production with an Ammonium Oxidative Reaction under the No Organic Substance Condition

et al. 2021

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“…Also from Table I, it is seen that the average current efficiency of nitrogen production with respect to reaction [1] is 99.7%, with an average deviation of +__1.8%. A current efficiency other than 100 % would indicate that one or more additional reactions occur concurrently with nitrogen evolution.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Current Efficiencies for the Anodic Oxidation of Ammonia in Potassium Hydroxide Solution

Katan

Galiotto

1963

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Muller and Spitzer (1) have electrolyzed aqueous ammonia solutions which contained dissolved sodium hydroxide, and the anode products were found to be mixtures of nitrogen, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite in varying amounts.2NH3 ~-6 OH-= Ne + 6H20 ~-6e-NH3 + 9 OH-= NOz-+ 6H20 -t-8e-Anodes of smooth platinum and other metals were tried (1,2), but nitrogen was never produced in quantities which corresponded to complete stoichiometric consumption of ammonia with respect to Eq.[1]; substantial quantities of nitrate and lesser quantities of nitrite ions were always formed.As part of a study on an aqueous fuel cell system using ammonia as an anodic reactant, an effort was made to synthesize nitrogen from aqueous ammonia solutions with near 100% yields. This study was undertaken to find the effect of the highly active electrode catalyst, platinum black, on the course of the over-all anode reaction in potassium hydroxide electrolyte of "maximum conductivity" concentration, 6.9M at 18~ (3). ExperimentalElectrolysis was carried out at 23~ in the cell Pt (black), NH~ (3M), KOH (6.9M)/Cellophane/KOH (6.9M), NiThe anode consisted of 0.2g of precipitated black platinum (4) evenly distributed and clamped between two 1 x 1 in. sintered nickel Clevite plates, 0.032 in. thick, which were connected to an electrical contact tab. A 1/32 in. diameter capillary leading to the anode face was connected to an Hg-HgO, 6.9M KOH reference cell. Electrolyte was pumped from a 2-liter reservoir through the anode at 6.8 cm/min and then recycled. A gas-liquid separator permitted the complete separation of the anode gas from the flowing electrolyte, and the gas volume was measured by standard gasometric techniques after scrubbing in 10% HC1 solution to remove the ammonia.The cathode chamber was static and connected to a eudiometer for the collection and measurement of the hydrogen volume. During a run, the current was kept constant, the time of the run was recorded, and the gases from the anode and cathode were collected simultaneously and measured. A typical run lasted 3 hr, and about 30 ml of anode gas were collected.Ideal gas behavior was assumed throughout the calculations. Corrections were made for the vapor pressure of water over 6.9M KOH and 10% HC1.The anode gas was analyzed with a gas chromatograph and found to be 100 • 2% nitrogen. No hydrogen was present. Results and Discussion

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“…[73,74] In fact, as early as 1905, Muller and Spitzer have found that the ammonia oxidation process and products depended on the anode material, and first proposed that Pt electrodes can generate N 2 by AOR at high potentials in alkaline solutions. [75] In the subsequent studies, the AOR catalysts still rely primarily on precious metal materials, even though they are expensive cost and unsuitable for large-scale use. [76,77] Until now, several common material design strategies have been adopted to optimize their catalytic performance, including alloying, surface modification, size and morphology control, specific facet exposure, and so on.…”

Section: Her Coupled With Ammonia Oxidation Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Hydrogen Production via Hybrid Water Splitting

Qian,

Zhu,

Ahmad

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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As one of the most promising approaches to producing high purity hydrogen (H2), electrochemical water splitting powered by the renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power has attracted considerable interest over the past decade. However, the water electrolysis process is seriously hampered by the sluggish electrode reaction kinetics, especially the four‐electron oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode side, which induces a high reaction overpotential. At present, the emerging hybrid electrochemical water splitting strategy has been proposed by integrating thermodynamically favorable electro‐oxidation reactions with hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode, providing a new opportunity for energy‐efficient H2 production. To achieve highly efficient and cost‐effective hybrid water splitting (HWS) towards large‐scale practical H2 production, much work has been continuously done to exploit the alternative anodic oxidation reactions and cutting‐edge electrocatalysts. This review will focus on recent developments on electrochemical H2 production coupled with alternative oxidation reactions, including the choice of anodic substrates, the investigation on electrocatalytic materials, and the deep understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms. Finally, some insights into the scientific challenges now standing in the way of future advancement of the hybrid water electrolysis technique are shared, in the hope of inspiring further innovative efforts in this rapidly growing field.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Über die Elektrolytische Oxydation des Ammoniaks und Ihre Abhängigkeit vom Anodenmaterial

Cited by 16 publications

References 8 publications

Bioelectrical Methane Production with an Ammonium Oxidative Reaction under the No Organic Substance Condition

Bioelectrical Methane Production with an Ammonium Oxidative Reaction under the No Organic Substance Condition

Current Efficiencies for the Anodic Oxidation of Ammonia in Potassium Hydroxide Solution

Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Hydrogen Production via Hybrid Water Splitting

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