Über die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Nickelekzemen

Jadassohn, W.; Schaaf, Fritz

doi:10.1007/bf01833373

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In 1925 in Kiel, nickel was proven, by patch testing, to be the aetiological factor for the development of dermatitis in workers from the electroplating industry (6). Further reports on occupational nickel dermatitis were released through the 1920s and 1930s (7, 8). Cobalt was used from the 1920s in industrial applications such as cutting tools and high‐speed drills as cobalt bound tungsten carbide into a hard substance (referred to as hard metal) (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Thyssen

2011

Contact Dermatitis

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Over the 20th century, the frequent use of nickel in consumer products resulted in an increasing prevalence of nickel allergy. Risk items included suspenders in the 1950s-1960s; buttons, zippers and rivets in the 1970s; and ear-piercing jewellery in the 1980s. When subjects allergic to nickel were exposed to nickel in high concentrations, it often resulted in allergic nickel contact dermatitis and hand eczema. In 1990, the Danish government began to regulate consumer nickel exposure as a response to the increasing nickel allergy problem. In 1994, the EU Nickel Directive was passed, a regulation that was based on the Danish and Swedish nickel regulations. These major public health interventions were expected to change the epidemiology of nickel allergy and dermatitis in Europe. Furthermore, it was debated whether nickel would be replaced by cobalt in inexpensive jewellery and result in higher prevalence of cobalt allergy. An evaluation of the possible effects of the European nickel regulations is of importance to ensure protection of consumers and dermatitis patients. This doctoral thesis aimed to evaluate the effects of regulatory interventions on nickel exposure by investigating the development of nickel allergy and dermatitis before and after nickel regulation. Furthermore, a change in the association between nickel allergy and hand eczema was evaluated. The nickel spot test was validated to determine its value when used for screening purposes. Possible explanations for the persistence of nickel allergy were explored including genetic predisposition and consumer nickel exposure from jewellery and accessories. A cobalt spot test was developed and validated. Finally, it was evaluated whether a cobalt allergy epidemic had replaced the nickel allergy epidemic after nickel regulation in terms of increasing cobalt sensitization and cobalt exposure. The thesis showed that the prevalence of nickel allergy decreased significantly after nickel regulation in young Danish women from the general population (18-35 years) and in young Danish female dermatitis patients from a university patch test clinic (0-30 years). Stratification by ear-piercing status revealed that women ear pierced before 1990 had a significantly higher prevalence of nickel allergy and dermatitis than women ear pierced after 1990. Furthermore, the association between hand eczema and nickel allergy decreased in young women aged 18-35 years when a comparison was made between women who were patch tested and questioned in, respectively, 1990 and 2006. Despite the decreasing prevalence of nickel allergy, this condition remains prevalent in young Danish women, as about 10% are nickel allergic. Genetic predisposition to nickel allergy was evaluated by investigating the possible association between filaggrin null mutation status and nickel allergy. A positive association was found but it was also concluded that environmental nickel exposure is of much greater importance. Thus, of 354 consumer items purchased from 36 different stores in Copenhagen, 22% released ni...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Thyssen

2011

Contact Dermatitis

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“…In 1925 in Kiel, nickel was proven, by patch testing, to be the aetiological factor for the development of dermatitis in the electroplating industry (11). Further reports about occupational nickel dermatitis were released through the 1920 and 1930s (12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Nickelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contact allergy epidemics and their controls*

2007

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Contact dermatitis can be severe and lead to sick leave as well as significant healthcare expenses. The aim of this review is to present the published knowledge on 6 historical epidemics of contact allergy to apply this knowledge on the prevention and control of future contact allergy epidemics. A historical review is performed on nickel, chromium, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, formaldehyde, and para-phenylenediamine. The first cases of contact dermatitis are mostly occupational, whereas consumer cases appear later. There is often a latency period from the first cases are observed until an epidemic occurs, and the problem is recognized. Finally, no one seems to take responsibility of dealing with the situation, and there are no attempts of regulation until an epidemic is consolidated among consumers for many years. Steps should be taken to prevent contact allergy epidemics. It is essential that dermatologist, scientists, administrators, and consumers organize and structure known methods to accelerate the control of emerging contact allergens.

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“…Comparison of the two materials must be permissihle, because metal industry is extensive in the U.S. and negligible in Denmark. For nickel allergy alone a similar distribution was demonstrated as early as igzg hy Jadassohn &i. Schaaf (51) and confirmed by Htinziker Sa. Musso (48) in i960 at a time when Calnan, (14} Fisher & Schapiro (30) and Marcussen (60) demonstrated that nickel allergy was an important problem in everyday life.…”

Section: Incidence In Occupational and Everyday Lifementioning

confidence: 72%

ECZEMATOUS ALLERGY TO METALS¹

Marcussen¹

1962

Allergy

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Über die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Nickelekzemen

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Contact allergy epidemics and their controls*

ECZEMATOUS ALLERGY TO METALS¹

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Über die Häufigkeit des Vorkommens von Nickelekzemen

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Nickel and cobalt allergy before and after nickel regulation – evaluation of a public health intervention

Contact allergy epidemics and their controls*

ECZEMATOUS ALLERGY TO METALS1

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ECZEMATOUS ALLERGY TO METALS¹