Ubiquity, Hazardous Effects, and Risk Assessment of Fragrances in Consumer Products

Pastor‐Nieto, María‐Antonia; Gatica‐Ortega, María‐Elena

doi:10.1007/s40521-020-00275-7

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Lately though, many curbs have been imposed on incense use, as nearly all brands exported at present pose the risk of pollutant generation. 21 Many studies have demonstrated aggravated risk of asthma, respiratory allergies, breathing difficulties, neurological impairment, leukaemia, skin irritation, cardiovascular complications, and lung cancer. 8 , 15 , 22 , 23 …”

Section: Risks and Concerns Associated With Incense Burningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and Environmental Risks of Incense Smoke: Mechanistic Insights and Cumulative Evidence

Yadav¹,

Malik²,

Tirth³

et al. 2022

JIR

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Incense burning is practiced alongside many sacred rituals across different regions of the world. Invariable constituents of incense brands are 21% (by weight) herbal and wood powder, 33% bamboo stick, 35% fragrance material, and 11% adhesive powder. Major incense-combustion outputs include particulate matter (PM), volatile organic content, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The relative toxicity of these products is an implicit function of particle size and incomplete combustion, which in turn vary for a specific incense brand. Lately, the attention given to the Air Quality Index by international regulatory bodies has created concern about mounting PM toxicity. The uncharacteristically small physical dimensions of these entities complicates their detection, and with no effect of gravity PM fractions rapidly contribute to oxidative stress, enhancing random biochemical reactions upon being inhaled. Incense burning generates four times the PM extent (45 mg•g −1 ) of cigarettes (~10 mg•g −1 ). Several poisonous gases, such as CO, CO 2 , NO 2 , and SO 2 , and the unavoidable challenge of disposing of the burnt incense ash further add to the toxicity. Taken together, these issues demonstrate that incense burning warrants prompt attention. The aim of this article is to highlight the toxicity of incense-combustion materials on the environment and human health. This discussion could be significant in framing future policy regarding ecofriendly incense manufacture and reduced usage.

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Section: Risks and Concerns Associated With Incense Burningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health and Environmental Risks of Incense Smoke: Mechanistic Insights and Cumulative Evidence

Yadav¹,

Malik²,

Tirth³

et al. 2022

JIR

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“…Furthermore, applying perfume to the hair can also lead to dermal exposure to phthalates, causing scalp irritation and other hair-related problems. Additionally, if the perfume is applied to the hair and then exposed to heat, such as from a hair dryer or straightener, the fragrance, and any chemicals it contains, may be released into the air, leading to potential inhalation exposure [ 46 ]. The application of perfumes to clothing is the least likely source of phthalate exposure, e.g., DEHP transport from clothing to the body via evaporation and inhalation is negligible [ 47 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS Determination of Undeclared Phthalate Esters in Commercial Fragrances: Occurrence, Profiles and Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Associated with Their Consumption among Adult Consumers

Mostafa

Shaaban

2023

Molecules

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Phthalates are chemicals that are extensively used in the manufacturing of cosmetic products. The occurrence of phthalate esters in personal care products may pose adverse effects on consumers’ health. In this work, a simple, fast and reliable GC-MS method was developed and validated for concurrent determination of phthalate esters in fragrances. Simple procedures were employed for sample preparation and clean up. The recoveries achieved were in the range of 94.9% to 105.6% with RSD ≤ 4.06. The detection limits were in the range of 0.0010 to 0.0021 µg/mL. The GC-MS method was utilized to investigate the occurrence of phthalate esters in different brands of perfumes sold in the Saudi Arabian market. Diethyl phthalate was detected in all analyzed samples, with a maximum concentration of 5766 µg/mL, and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was detected in the majority of the analyzed samples (95%), with a mean concentration of 55.9 µg/mL and a highest concentration of 377.7 µg/mL. Additionally, the exposure to phthalate esters due to the consumption of perfumes was investigated among the adult Saudi population for the first time. It was found that the systemic exposure dose, measured at mean concentrations, ranged from 4.59 × 10−4 to 4.29 × 10−2 (mg/kg/day) and from 5.00 × 10−4 to 4.68 × 10−2 (mg/kg/day) for male and female users, respectively. Moreover, the non-carcinogenic risk of the investigated phthalate esters and the carcinogenic risk of DEHP were also evaluated. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the detected phthalate esters were greater than 100, which indicates that exposure to these phthalate esters is unlikely to produce non-carcinogenic health effects to consumers. However, at maximum DEHP concentrations, the carcinogenic risk values were 5.49 × 10−5 for male users and 5.98 × 10−5 for female users, which indicates the possibility of DEHP to pose a carcinogenic health effect if present at high levels. Regular monitoring of undeclared chemicals such as phthalate esters in personal care products marketed in Saudi Arabia is extremely important to ensure consumers’ safety. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to assess the health risk associated with consumption of perfumes in Saudi Arabia.

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“…Dandruff is commonly associated with erythema of the scalp [ 29 ]. According to the investigators in this study, while the majority of the participants had mild erythema at baseline, the proportion of participants without erythema significantly increased at weeks 1 and 2 and by the end of the study at four weeks, none of the participants had scalp erythema.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety, Efficacy and Attributes of 2.5% Selenium Sulfide Shampoo in the Treatment of Dandruff: A Single-Center Study

Godse,

Godse

2024

Cureus

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Background: Selenium sulfide, available as a shampoo or topical lotion at 1%, or 2.5% concentrations in India, is used as a topical antiseborrheic and antifungal for the treatment of dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and tinea versicolor. In the present study, the safety, efficacy, and attributes of 2.5% selenium sulfide shampoo were evaluated in Indian participants with dandruff. Methods: A single-center, single-arm, prospective, investigator-initiated, open-label, post-marketing interventional study was conducted on Indian subjects aged 18-70 years diagnosed with moderate dandruff who were prescribed 2.5% selenium sulfide shampoo every three days for four weeks. The primary endpoints were 1) reduction in total dandruff score assessed using a clinical grading scale for adherent and loose dandruff from baseline to weeks 1, 2, and 4, and 2) incidence of adverse events up to the end of the study. The key secondary endpoints were 1) participants’ perception of shampoo attributes (dandruff reduction, scalp itch, scalp oiliness/greasiness, or fragrance) as assessed by a subjective self-assessment questionnaire post-first wash and at weeks 1, 2, and/or 4; 2) satisfaction with treatment as assessed by investigators and participants using a subjective self-assessment questionnaire at week 4; and 3) reduction in scalp sebum as assessed with a meibometer at weeks 2 and 4. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for continuous variables and the Chi-square test for categorical variables. A p-value of 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Of 34 enrolled subjects, 30 completed the four-week study. The mean (standard deviation, SD) age of the study participants was 29.8 (7.87) years, with the majority being females (n=18; 60.0%). Mean (SD) total dandruff score significantly (p=0.001) reduced from a baseline score of 11.5 (2.15) to 7.17 (2.12) at week 1, 4.93 (1.72) at week 2, and 2.5 (1.17) at week 4. All the participants reported dandruff reduction and acceptable fragrance of the shampoo at four weeks. Absence of itching and reduction in oiliness was reported by 73.3% (n=22) of participants at week 4 and by 50.0% (n=15) of participants at week 2, respectively. All participants reported good, very good, or excellent satisfaction with the test shampoo at week 4, whereas the investigators rated the shampoo as very good or excellent in managing dandruff in all participants. At week 4, erythema was reported to be absent in all participants. No adverse events were reported during the study. Conclusions: The 2.5% selenium sulfide shampoo was found to be effective in the management of dandruff and related symptoms like itching, oiliness, and greasiness and had a good safety profile in Indian participants with dandruff.

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Ubiquity, Hazardous Effects, and Risk Assessment of Fragrances in Consumer Products

Cited by 18 publications

References 63 publications

Health and Environmental Risks of Incense Smoke: Mechanistic Insights and Cumulative Evidence

Health and Environmental Risks of Incense Smoke: Mechanistic Insights and Cumulative Evidence

GC-MS Determination of Undeclared Phthalate Esters in Commercial Fragrances: Occurrence, Profiles and Assessment of Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Associated with Their Consumption among Adult Consumers

Safety, Efficacy and Attributes of 2.5% Selenium Sulfide Shampoo in the Treatment of Dandruff: A Single-Center Study

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