“…Different from previous research, the Udwadia–Kalaba theory does not adopt linearization or approximations. A series of dynamic system control based on the Udwadia–Kalaba method is designed, including robust control, adaptive robust control, and optimal design of robust control (Chen et al, 2020; Dong et al, 2018; Sun, 2017; Wu et al, 2020; Yu et al, 2020; Zhao et al, 2020). Trajectory tracking control of the mobile robot is also realized based on the Udwadia–Kalaba approach (Sun et al, 2016; Yu et al, 2016), but the system’s initial conditions must satisfy the desired constraints, which may not really occur for various factors.…”