Uighur migration across Central Asian frontiers

An elephant in the planning room: Political demography and its influence on sustainable land-use planning in drylands

“…The Soviet puppet regime of the East Turkestan Republic was formed in the three districts of Xinjiang (Ili, Altai and Tacheng) following an uprising in 1944, but was handed over to the Chinese Communists when they came to power in 1949 (Clark and Kamalov, 2004;Clarke, 2007a). A mass migration of the Uyghur into Kazakhstan occurred in 1962, as Sino-Soviet relationships deteriorated, and then again in 1997, after the rebellion in Yining.…”

“…A mass migration of the Uyghur into Kazakhstan occurred in 1962, as Sino-Soviet relationships deteriorated, and then again in 1997, after the rebellion in Yining. Large Uyghur communities persist in Kazakhstan and Turkey (Clark and Kamalov, 2004). The Pan-Turkik and Pan-Islamic movements were further inspired by the events of the 1980s.…”

“…Moreover, the radical economic and political policies of the Chinese government and the deterioration of the Sino-USSR relationship in the late 1950s and early 1960s drove many Uyghur and Kazak families to cross the border into the USSR. For example, on May 29, 1962 an estimated 100 000 people left China for the USSR through the Khorgos Pass in response to the USSR opening its border to anyone who wanted to immigrate (Clark and Kamalov, 2004). 3.…”

Introduction

“…Borders were drawn and redrawn across deserts and steppes and along mountain passes, and yet they continued to be subverted, deliberately used or simply ignored by the local population well into the twentieth century. The evasion of state rule in the form of (seasonal) migration and of flight continued in both directions until the early 1960s (Clark and Kamalov 2004), when the rigid, militarized border regime during the Sino-Soviet conflict brought cross-border interaction to an almost complete standstill.…”

Trilingualism and Uyghur Identity in the People's Republic of China

“…The rise of modern geographical and political boundaries separating the Turkic-speaking Russian Central Asia from Xinjiang made physical and cultural exchanges increasingly difficult (Bregel, 1992;Clark & Kamalov, 2004;Šilde-Karklinš, 1975).…”