Ulcerated yellow spot syndrome: implications of aquaculture-related pathogens associated with soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi tissue lesions

Cervino, James M.; Hauff, Briana; Haslun, Joshua A.; Winiarski-Cervino, Kathryn; Cavazos, Michael; Lawther, Pamela; Wier, Andrew M.; Hughen, Konrad A; Strychar, Kevin B.

doi:10.3354/dao02541

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Vibrio alginolyticus , a Gram-negative, halophilic marine pathogen associated with wound infections, otitis and gastroenteritis, is one of the most commonly reported disease-causing Vibrio species in the United States [ 22 ], and was also recently found to be a cause of coral diseases [ 23 , 24 ]. It encodes two T6SSs (VaT6SS1 and VaT6SS2) [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type VI Secretion System Toxins Horizontally Shared between Marine Bacteria

et al. 2015

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The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a widespread protein secretion apparatus used by Gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxic effector proteins into adjacent bacterial or host cells. Here, we uncovered a role in interbacterial competition for the two T6SSs encoded by the marine pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus. Using comparative proteomics and genetics, we identified their effector repertoires. In addition to the previously described effector V12G01_02265, we identified three new effectors secreted by T6SS1, indicating that the T6SS1 secretes at least four antibacterial effectors, of which three are members of the MIX-effector class. We also showed that the T6SS2 secretes at least three antibacterial effectors. Our findings revealed that many MIX-effectors belonging to clan V are “orphan” effectors that neighbor mobile elements and are shared between marine bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. We demonstrated that a MIX V-effector from V. alginolyticus is a functional T6SS effector when ectopically expressed in another Vibrio species. We propose that mobile MIX V-effectors serve as an environmental reservoir of T6SS effectors that are shared and used to diversify antibacterial toxin repertoires in marine bacteria, resulting in enhanced competitive fitness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type VI Secretion System Toxins Horizontally Shared between Marine Bacteria

et al. 2015

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“…To date, the majority of published studies on coral diseases have been focused around the Caribbean (for a review see Weil & Rogers, 2011), and the Australian Great Barrier Reef (e.g., Willis, Page & Dinsdale, 2004; Haapkylä et al, 2013). More recently, survey effort has increased to cover other areas of the Indo-Pacific such as the Maldives (e.g., Montano et al, 2012; Montano et al, 2013; Montano et al, 2015; Montano et al, 2016) and certain areas within the ‘Coral Triangle’ (e.g., Brown & Suharsono, 1990; Hoeksema, 1991; Haapkylä et al, 2007; Haapkylä et al, 2009b; Nugues & Bak, 2009; Burke et al, 2012; Cervino et al, 2012; Sabdono et al, 2014; Haapkylae, Melbourne-Thomas & Flavell, 2015; Johan, Ginanjar & Priyadi, 2015; Miller et al, 2015). Nevertheless, baseline coral health surveys remain sparse in other locations such as Sulawesi, Indonesia, for example (De Vantier & Turak, 2004; Fava et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline reef health surveys at Bangka Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) reveal new threats

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Fratangeli²,

Dondi³

et al. 2016

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Worldwide coral reef decline appears to be accompanied by an increase in the spread of hard coral diseases. However, whether this is the result of increased direct and indirect human disturbances and/or an increase in natural stresses remains poorly understood. The provision of baseline surveys for monitoring coral health status lays the foundations to assess the effects of any such anthropogenic and/or natural effects on reefs. Therefore, the objectives of this present study were to provide a coral health baseline in a poorly studied area, and to investigate possible correlations between coral health and the level of anthropogenic and natural disturbances. During the survey period, we recorded 20 different types of coral diseases and other compromised health statuses. The most abundant were cases of coral bleaching, followed by skeletal deformations caused by pyrgomatid barnacles, damage caused by fish bites, general pigmentation response and galls caused by cryptochirid crabs. Instances of colonies affected by skeletal eroding bands, and sedimentation damage increased in correlation to the level of bio-chemical disturbance and/or proximity to villages. Moreover, galls caused by cryptochirid crabs appeared more abundant at sites affected by blast fishing and close to a newly opened metal mine. Interestingly, in the investigated area the percentage of corals showing signs of ‘common’ diseases such as black band disease, brown band disease, white syndrome and skeletal eroding band disease were relatively low. Nevertheless, the relatively high occurrence of less common signs of compromised coral-related reef health, including the aggressive overgrowth by sponges, deserves further investigation. Although diseases appear relatively low at the current time, this area may be at the tipping point and an increase in activities such as mining may irredeemably compromise reef health.

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“…Challenging the "One Disease, One Pathogen" Hypothesis When evaluating coral disease, researchers must be aware of potentially misleading, but common, baseline assumptions about the properties and patterns of microbial prevalence, abundance, and function in the host. Several papers concluded that due to the persistent presence of some bacterial taxa (i.e., high prevalence) in apparently healthy animals that such members cannot be the source of a disease (Casas et al, 2004;Kline and Vollmer, 2011). Yet commensal and even mutualist bacteria can become pathogenic under various conditions (Seyedsayamdost et al, 2011).…”

Section: Drivers Of Coral Microbiome Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering Coral Disease Dynamics: Integrating Host, Microbiome, and the Changing Environment

et al. 2020

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Diseases of tropical reef organisms is an intensive area of study, but despite significant advances in methodology and the global knowledge base, identifying the proximate causes of disease outbreaks remains difficult. The dynamics of infectious wildlife diseases are known to be influenced by shifting interactions among the host, pathogen, and other members of the microbiome, and a collective body of work clearly demonstrates that this is also the case for the main foundation species on reefs, corals. Yet, among wildlife, outbreaks of coral diseases stand out as being driven largely by a changing environment. These outbreaks contributed not only to significant losses of coral species but also to whole ecosystem regime shifts. Here we suggest that to better decipher the disease dynamics of corals, we must integrate more holistic and modern paradigms that consider multiple and variable interactions among the three major players in epizootics: the host, its associated microbiome, and the environment. In this perspective, we discuss how expanding the pathogen component of the classic host-pathogen-environment disease triad to incorporate shifts in the microbiome leading to dysbiosis provides a better model for understanding coral disease dynamics. We outline and discuss issues arising when evaluating each component of this trio and make suggestions for bridging gaps between them. We further suggest that to best tackle these challenges, researchers must adjust standard paradigms, like the classic one pathogen-one disease model, that, to date, have been ineffectual at uncovering many of the emergent properties of coral reef disease dynamics. Lastly, we make recommendations for ways forward in the fields of marine disease ecology and the future of coral reef conservation and restoration given these observations.

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Ulcerated yellow spot syndrome: implications of aquaculture-related pathogens associated with soft coral Sarcophyton ehrenbergi tissue lesions

Cited by 9 publications

References 59 publications

Type VI Secretion System Toxins Horizontally Shared between Marine Bacteria

Type VI Secretion System Toxins Horizontally Shared between Marine Bacteria

Baseline reef health surveys at Bangka Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) reveal new threats

Deciphering Coral Disease Dynamics: Integrating Host, Microbiome, and the Changing Environment

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